The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Essays

The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Essays The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Paper The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Paper Article Topic: The Odyssey Ladies assume a significant job in the epic, The Odyssey, composed by Homer. Set in a period resulting to the Trojan War, the records of Odysseus and his hardships include four fundamental kinds of ladies: the goddess, the enchantress, the witch and the great spouse. Each of these depicts the job of ladies in an alternate manner, some in complete difference to the genuine human advancement of the period. Old Greece was a lot of a male centric culture. Men were viewed as of higher status than ladies, and were viewed as the more grounded sexual orientation. Sports were held only for men, as were writing, governmental issues and reasoning. Ordinarily, a lady was judged, not by her own accomplishments, yet by the riches and status of her dad or spouse. A lady would be compelled to be hitched at a youthful age, save the house for her significant other and have kids. Typically, antiquated Greek ladies were not instructed, in spite of the fact that in Athens, ladies were educated to peruse, at school or at home, straightforward realities on folklore, religion and at times instruments and likewise with most different spots in old Greece, they took in the nuts and bolts of the family; turning, weaving, sewing, cooking and other family unit employments. The undying goddesses appear differently in relation to the particular attributes of an antiquated Greek lady in the Odyssey. Athena, goddess of intelligence, for instance, addresses the Gods, including her dad, in spite of the customs of status. By disregarding these conventions, Athena gives her quality and certainty. It appears she is straightforward, and is progressively a run of the mill portrayal of a cutting edge lady than that of antiquated Greece. All through the book, Athena shows impressive pity for Odysseus, regardless of the way that men were as far as anyone knows the more grounded sexual orientation: she utilized her influence to urge the divine beings to reevaluate their predetermination for him, and set him liberated from Calypsos island, and she propelled contemplations for Odysseus when he is bearing the rage of Poseidon on his excursion to the island of the Phaeacians. Now, Athena interferes with Odysseus negative considerations of being slamming into harsh rocks, to give him clutching one of the stones as the waves ran into them. In addition to the fact that she stirs ideas inside Odysseus, yet Athena helps him all the more unpretentiously by advancing considerations in others. For instance, when Odysseus is appeared on Scherie, Athena shows up in Nausicaas dream as one of her companions. She convinces her that she ought to proceed to wash her garments in the stream, which is the place she first experiences Odysseus, and helps him in his progressing journey by taking him to her folks for cordiality. The second of lady is the temptress. The Nymph Calypso spares Odysseus when he is washed upon the shore of her island, and saves him as a sexual detainee for a long time, offering everlasting status as a byproduct of him remaining with her. She is an ideal case of how ladies could be incredible against man, yet still be overruled. This is on the grounds that when she keeps Odysseus hostage on Ogygia, Odysseus has no capacity to do any unique. In any case, it is Zeus ultimate choice that he ought to be discharged from her island, and Hermes, flag-bearer to the divine beings, who advises her. These are the two men causing her to accomplish something she doesnt need to, however she needs to obey them, which is an impression of the old Greek conventions. Furthermore, Calypso is additionally observed as the model leader, offering her visitor ambrosia, nectar and garments. She does this effortlessly and delight, as she even offers Hermes these things before inquiring as to why he had come to see her. She supposedly is shameless by laying down with a wedded man, yet to at the same time have great habits, depicting the multifaceted nature of ladies which wasnt perceived in old Greek society. Additionally a temptress, yet simultaneously a witch, Circe is right off the bat depicted as misleading and clever. She draws Odysseus men into her home before transforming them into pigs. Her guile demonstrates her to be autonomous and solid disapproved, despite the fact that she is then demonstrated to be more fragile than men when Odysseus shows up. Differentiated against his courage in Book 10, Circe shows weakness when faced by Odysseus after he has eaten the medication of genuine prudence from Hermes to shield him from the witches dark enchantment. Circe at that point attempts to allure Odysseus, however he goes without until he can make sure about a pledge among himself and the witch. She, in any case, shows a total dismissal for men by transforming them all into pigs, at that point putting her own wants before their opportunity, and this shows Circe additionally has totally conflicting attributes from the old Greek ladies. Then again, when Odysseus exhibits his capacity by pulling out his blade, Circe crumples to her knees and begins crying uncontrollably, demonstrating that it is Odysseus who holds the authority now. Little girl of King Alcinous, Nausicaa, is introduced as a develop individual, as she is unmarried, in this manner youthful, but she doesnt flee when she sees Odysseus bare by the waterway. She educates her house keepers to give him garments, and he reacts to this by not embracing her knees and asking for help, similar to he originally thought of doing. This shows Nausicaa is very much regarded. She additionally thinks about her picture as an ethical lady, since when Odysseus goes to the royal residence with her, he needs to stroll behind her, so individuals didnt think they were together. Likewise, when Nausicaa takes Odysseus to meet her folks with the goal that he can get help from them, she demands he meet her mom first instead of her dad. This exhibits her regard for her mom, and her comprehension of the manner by which the framework should work, yet the information on how it really does. At long last, the great leader and spouse are depicted by Penelope. Considerably following 20 years, she has remained faithful to Odysseus by slowing down the admirers. This is additionally very insidious, as she drives them into believing that once she completes her weaving, shell wed one of them, aside from consistently she fixes all that she accomplished that day. This is the side of her which appears to be not normal for that of the ladies of antiquated Greece. Be that as it may, corresponding to the old Greek conventions of statuses between sexual orientations, Penelope is condemned by her own child. She is advised to go to her room and quit settling on choices since that was his anxiety as he was the man of t he house. With no encounter, she surrendered as came back to her room. This shows Penelope is stood out from different ladies depicted in The Odyssey, since she is equivalent to the old Greek society, though Athena, Calypso, Circe and Nausicaa are disparate. Taking everything into account, ladies in The Odysseus are for the most part depicted as solid willed and liberal individuals with their own considerations and assessments. Albeit some are unfading, and probably liberated from human feeling, they feel misfortune, outrage and dread, and can have intercourse to mortal men. Their quality of character is shown with their capacity and readiness to separate from the intermittent generalizations of ladies, in spite of the fact that at long last, they quite often give up to the old Greek male centric culture. On the off chance that these charcters were to be put in the antiquated Greek society, I feel that they would be disposed of from the development, aside from Penelope who might incorporate into the way of life with her yielded mentality towards the men around her.

The Meaning and Origin of the Surname Rodriguez

The Meaning and Origin of the Surname Rodriguez The name Rodriguez is of Spanish root. It patronymic in nature (taken from the fatherly line) and means child of Rodrigo. The ez or es added to the root implies relative of. The given name Rodrigo is the Spanish type of Roderick, which means well known force or amazing ruler, which originates from the Germanic components hrod, which means popularity and ric, which means power. Where Do People With the Rodriguez Surname Live? In general, Rodriguez is the 60th most basic last name on the planet. As indicated by WorldNames PublicProfiler, the Rodriguez family name is amazingly well known in Spain. Its most regularly found in the locale of Islas Canarias, trailed by Galicia, Asturias, Castilla y Leã ³n, and Extremadura. The name is likewise famous in Argentina and is appropriated reasonably uniformly all through the nation. The family history site Forebears positions Rodriguez as the main last name in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, and Uraguay. It positions second in Argentina, Puerto Rico, and Panama and third in Spain, Peru, and Honduras. Quick Facts About the Name Rodriguez Ninth Most Common Name in America: According to the 2000 enumeration, Rodriguez positioned the ninth most normal family name in the United States, likely the first run through a non-Anglo name positioned among the main 10 (at #8 the Hispanic last name Garcia additionally broke the top 10).Famous People Named Rodriguez: Luis Rodriguez, contemporary writer; Michelle Rodriguez, American on-screen character; Alex Rodriguez, New York Yankees third basemanAlternate Surname Spellings: Rodrigue, Rodriques, Roderick, Rodiger, Rhodriquez, Rhodriguez, Rodrigues (Portuguese) Family history Resources for the Surname Rodriguez As opposed to what you may have heard, theres nothing of the sort as a Rodriguez family peak or layer of arms. Coats of arms are allowed to people not families-and may legitimately be utilized distinctly by the continuous male-line relatives of the individual to whom the ensign was initially granted.â To get familiar with the sources of normal Hispanic last names and their implications, a great spot to begin is with the data taken from the 2000 U.S. registration about the 100 most basic U.S. last names and their implications. Coming up next is a rundown of other supportive assets for becoming familiar with the Rodriguez last name: The Rodriguez DNA Project: This Y-DNA venture is available to all guys with the Rodriguez last name (or its varieties) keen on cooperating to utilize DNA testing and customary family ancestry research to recognize normal Rodriguez ancestors.Rodriguez Family Genealogy Forum: Search this mainstream parentage discussion to discover other people who may likewise be examining your progenitors, or post your own Rodriguez query.FamilySearch-Rodriguez Genealogy: Access more than 12 million free verifiable records and heredity connected family trees posted for the Rodriguez family name and its minor departure from this free lineage site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Rodriquez Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb has a few free mailing records for specialists. You can likewise look or peruse the rundown chronicles to see Rodriquez last name inquiries and posts returning for over a decade.DistantCousin.com-Rodriquez Genealogy Family History: Explore free datab ases and ancestry joins for the last name Rodriguez. The Rodriguez Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse ancestry records and connections to genealogical and verifiable records for people with the Rodriguez last name from the site of Genealogy Today. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Word reference of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Hoffman, William F. Clean Surnames: Origins and Meanings. Chicago: Polish Genealogical Society, 1993.Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow. Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Minutes Pass :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Minutes Pass I sit at a round work area for eight hours eight bucks an hour and doodle. The telephone rings more than once at regular intervals (if I’m fortunate, that is) and the number of inhabitants in individuals more than 50 appears to ascend constantly. I sit with my legs crossed, shoe less, wearing â€Å"work† shoes and my â€Å"work† grin. I appreciate the organization I wind up in, regardless of whether it is a decent book and a pleasant idea of myself at the sea shore. So I play tunes in my mind, sing tunes of greatness faintly, even nibble on saltines when my stomach protests. At the present time I’ve got â€Å"Riders on the Storm† cooperating in my mind Riders on the tempest riders on the tempest Into this world we’re naturally introduced to this world we’re toss It’s kinda clever, seeing as how among the huge melody documents the Doors have recorded, I typically locate this one to intrigue me the least, however consistently hear it up on the radio, exaggerated in time. I mean don’t misunderstand me - extraordinary melody, superior to most - however to the extent the Doors go, I discover the tune rather commonplace. It has gotten acknowledged by the general population, simply on the grounds that it’s excessively far out of handle for common individuals to really decide its actual and legitimate importance. Obviously, they’re all neglectful of this. Just evident Americans, and possibly a few Europeans, can arrive at a type of resolution inside themselves about reality in things of little significance. Europeans I state, since they live inside their way of life, see the past and their history. Most Americans then again, embrace the here and now, see just BIG and eat at McDonald’s. I state â€Å"Americans† in light of the fact that we’re the home of the free, the home of the valiant, such great stuff. Each and every other nation admires us for some explanation †we are the Mother nation. Just it takes a genuine American to really remark on the realities that truly become possibly the most important factor while living in an obvious society. I mean children are as yet eager, family units are upset, yet there’s a working world out there for every one of us. Occupations ought to be out there, and I figure they might be.

The Impact Of Technology On The Classroom - 1323 Words

Upon entering a classroom in the United States the room is typically full of desks and chairs in symmetrical rows, the teacher’s desk is stacked with resources, and a considerable amount of textbooks, papers, and posters are located around the room. Among these objects there may be one or two computers, in some instances smartboards, but overall the influence of technology in the classroom is limited. This scene is practically identical to every other classroom across the country. Although society has evolved to embrace technology, the American classroom has had little alteration to its scenery and little acceptance of technology in educating students. In contrast to the past, the classroom and the educational techniques used in the twenty-first century have evolved. Throughout the evolution of schooling, the introduction and the use of computers has altered the American classroom and education positively. Amid the newly developing country, the American classroom was cons iderably different than contemporary classrooms. According to the â€Å"The History of Education,† early education was largely taught at home where parents educated their children with the guidance of the Bible and a hornbook. Hornbooks were â€Å"wooden paddles with printed lessons [which] were popular in the colonial era† (â€Å"The History of Education in America†). By the 1700s, secondary schools were on the rise as well as the introduction of the first textbook. As written in â€Å"The History of Education,† theShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Impact On The Classroom1571 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology in the school has become an increasingly challenging and somewhat disruptive aspect in today’s educational system. In order to maintain what is considered the status quo, schools have focused their energy and resources on banning cell phones, wireless Internet and blocking social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter in schools. Ho wever, as technology continues to grow in our society outside of the school, many believe that effectively involving these technologies into the classroomRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On The Classroom1277 Words   |  6 Pages Technology in Classroom Ali Boholaiga Kathrine Barrett ELI 084 Technology in Classroom Technology is all over our minds and concerns whether in regard to social impact, dependency or its use at educational institutions. It is currently the most debated issue in our modern society. Technology, it is believed, will become necessary for our survival in the future. It is the agent who will preserve the human race. The use of technology in classrooms is one example thatRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On The Classroom1313 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology in the Classroom In our progressive society, we are all aware of the development of technology and the effect it has had on daily lives. People use technology as a way to communicate with each other, a form of entertainment, or as a tool to give them instant information at all times. Technology has a significant influence on many different parts of society. Concerning education, certain electronic devices such as computers, smart boards, and tablets assist the learning process for studentsRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On The Classroom1601 Words   |  7 Pagespast decade, technology has transformed society and has changed many aspects of daily living. Presently, the world consists of quickly advancing technology and people competing all around the world to be considered the best. Many educators argue that the only way to continue to have control within the classroom and to have students be successful within the classroom is to properly integrate technology into the classroom. Currently, the p roblem in the education system is that technology is often difficultRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom2298 Words   |  10 Pagesis technology in the classroom. Per the Merriam-Webster dictionary, technology is defined as â€Å"a manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.†. Technology in the classroom started way back in the early 1980’s. Classrooms are changing every day, with the never-ending improvements of technology. Technology today is playing a large role in students’ lives, from the elementary rooms, to full computer labs. Technology hasn’t always been the technology weRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On The Classroom Essay3638 Words   |  15 Pagesand more advanced beings, has become interwoven with technology, as nearly all aspects of one’s life, whether it being at home, for leisure, at work, or in the educational sector- is entwined with elements of digitality. This notion leads one to see that the participation with technologies can be an essential aspect of one’s progression in this new contemporary society. The emergence and subsequent dominance of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in this digitally mediated world has led to theRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom2018 Words   |  9 PagesThe Significance of Technology in My Classroom The impact on technology in the classroom has opened many new windows for educators. Technology can be used in various ways while working in a classroom, whether that be a first grade classroom or a class of juniors in high school. Technology can help our students widen their knowledge. When planning lessons, it is important that teachers incorporate some types of technology. When technology is used in your lessons, the students will be able to achieveRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Classroom1921 Words   |  8 PagesTechnology in the classroom is important for teachers, parents, and students alike, because technology use has become a necessary skill for survival in today’s vastly expanding technology driven global economy. Research has shown an increase in student’s success rates when exposed to technology in the classroom. Also technology has opened lines of communication between educators and parents to keep students on track, and help teachers educate better. Since children today have become digital natives;Read MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom1332 Words   |  6 Pageswhich technology is being developed and is becoming a part of our everyday life. One of the largest arguments with the advancing technology is whether or not it’s good for teaching and learning purposes in the classroom. From email to online classes, computers are defiantly manipulating our lives, and can enhance learning in the classroom in various ways. The growing popularity of technology emphasizes the importance for students and administrators to support and encourage computer technology in ourRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesevolution of technology in education has reached an all-time high. Back to school shopping lists now require the purchase of various technologies and their accessories in place of the paper and pencils of past generations.. Technology is becoming crucial in society, it is to t he point where people are hooked to their smartphones, unable to part with them even for just a hour long class. Can this addiction to technology be positively brought into the classroom? To what extent does technology become harmful

The Philosophies Of Hannah Arendt - 1339 Words

The Philosophies of Hannah Arendt in the Past and the Present â€Å"There are no dangerous thoughts, thinking itself is dangerous† (Berkowitz et al. 2014), states Arendt. Arendt who lived through the atrocities of the 20th century (i.e. the Holocaust), placed the focus of her arguments and beliefs on the matter. Her arguments focus on of the banality of evil and how it is purely comprised of human action and arguably human inaction. Ultimately she contends that mass society is to be blamed and not a single individual, for any evils which are brought into existence. She believed that the most important cure to relieve the suffering brought by these evil actions and policies, was the art of thinking. She insisted that the greatest evils†¦show more content†¦The policies in which are created and reinforced by these social institutions, contribute to the dehumanization, exclusion, and superfluity of human beings. Hayden (2010) suggests that dehumanization is much worse th an genocide. In other words, forcing a human being to live as anything but such, makes it seem like they are â€Å"already dead† (Hayden 2010: 456). Moreover, Hayden (2010) states that though murder may destroy a life, â€Å"superfluity destroys reality, the fact of existence itself† (456). Superfluity is defined as unnecessary or redundant (Oxford 2017); thus, by human beings being rendered superfluous, they lose their humanity. They are excluded and deprived of their human rights (Hayden 2010). This is evident in global poverty where billions of individuals suffer impoverished conditions because they are unable to assimilate and contribute to the culture of consumption (Hayden 2010: 457). Poverty then leads to individuals being unable to make contributions and participate in building the â€Å"common world† that Arendt saw as an escape from totalitarianism (Hayden 2010: 464). Additionally, Hayden (2010) argues that individuals who fail to question and challeng e structural policies are to be blamed for the preservation of these policies and the evils they create. On the other hand, the interviewees in the audio centralize their discussion on the philosophies of Arendt; where, she saw thinking as the mostShow MoreRelatedThe Human Condition By Hannah Arendt919 Words   |  4 PagesHannah Arendt’s most influential work The Human Condition was published in 1958. It makes distinctions between labor, work and action, between power, violence and strength and between property and wealth. It is surprising that more than 55 years later the originality and novelty of this book is still present. Arendt compels the reader to open their eyes and to look at the world and human affairs in new ways and with a completely different perspective. In her prologue she professes that she wantsRead MoreThe Psychoanalysts of Violence Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe film â€Å"Battle for Algiers† can be analyzed thoroughly through Frantz Fanonâ⠂¬â„¢s and Hannah Arendt’s polar opposite theories on violence. The implication of both theories is represented in the film that has captured the understanding of both insightful phenomena. Fanon’s views on violence are it unifies individuals into forming a complex unit organism that works together, rinses, in addition it is presented as an effective and productive mean that support the process of decolonization. In contractRead MoreEssay on Eichmann in Jerusalem641 Words   |  3 PagesEichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil In her book, Eichmann in Jerusalem, Hannah Arendt uses the life and trial of Adolf Eichmann to explore mans responsibility for evils committed under orders or as a result of the law. Due to the fact that she believed that Eichmann was neither anti-Semitic, nor a psychopath, Arendt was widely criticized for treating Eichmann too sympathetically. Still, her work on the Eichmann trial is among the most respected works on the issue to dateRead MoreHannah Arendt on the Banality of Evil1769 Words   |  8 PagesHannah Arendt is a German Jewish philosopher, born in 1906 and died in 1975. She studied philosophy with Martin Heidegger as Professor. Her works deal with the nature of power and political subjects such as democracy, authority, and totalitarianism. She flew away to France in 1933, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in Germany. She flew away from Europe to the United States after escaping from the concentration camp of Gurs. She became a Professor in New York city, in which sh e became an activeRead MoreHannah Arendts Theory The Banal Evil1492 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibility and contributing to the rise in obesity is wrong. Hannah Arendt founded the theory â€Å"The banality evil’ through analyzing Adolf Eichmann’s case during the time of the Holocaust. Eichmann and Henderson share similarities of both being ordinary men who influenced large scale harm. The intent of this essay will be to compare and contrast the perception of evil and discuss at which point radical evil may be mistaken for banal evil. Hannah Arendt discovered a concept known as â€Å"The banality of Evil†Read MoreHannah Arendt Totalitarianism Analysis1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to explore Hannah Arendt’s concept of Totalitarianism. Arendt’s concept is one that has formed many opinions from several experts. With that being said, many experts have taken out the time to find the flaws in the way that Ardent discussed totalitarianism. Her book, â€Å"The Origins of Totalitarianism† was flawed for various reasons. To begin with, Arendt’s concept of Totalitarianism was introduced in her book, The Origins of Totalitarianism, which was published in 1951Read MoreArendt-Theory of Totalitarianism2308 Words   |  10 PagesHannah Arendt’s Theory of Totalitarianism: Hannah Arendt is widely regarded as one of the most important, unique and influential thinkers of political philosophy in the Twentieth century. Arendt was greatly influenced by her mentor and one time lover, Martin Heidegger, whose phenomenological method would help to greatly shape and frame Arendt’s own thinking. Like Heidegger, Arendt was sceptical of the metaphysical tradition which tended towards abstract conceptual reasoning; ultimately at oddsRead MoreCritically Engage With Hannah Arendts Humanistic Approach On Political Action1743 Words   |  7 Pages Critically engage with Hannah Arendts Humanistic approach to â€Å"political action.† This essay will be split into two parts. The first will be concerned with critically engaging poststructuralist and postmodernist rejections of humanism highlighted by Stuart Sim, with notions of a humanism put forward by Timothy Brannan that place importance on the shared universal attributes shared by every human. I will to this with the aim of placing Arendt’s humanism with the latter. For the second half of thisRead MoreThe Problem of Evil in Philosophy1684 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Problem of Evil in Philosophy What is the classic problem of evil in the Western philosophical/theological tradition (the trilemma)? The  problem of evil  is the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil with that of a deity who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent. The trilemma was stated by the Greek philosopher Epicurus during antiquity and was restated during the modern period by David Hume. Epicurus poses a trilemma in order to refute the notion of an omnipotent andRead MoreAn Analysis of Power and Violence in Literature Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesexample, we find the food chain. Humankind exerts their power through violence and power in a similar way, creating a hierarchy of power. Although not all violence is physical, it is still used to obtain control of another person or situation. Hannah Arendt writes in her book ‘On Violence’ â€Å"In the same vein he regarded the state as an instrument of violence in the command of the ruling class; but the actual power of the ruling class did not consist of or rely on violence† (11). When you sit down and

Essay about Steriods and Baseball - 793 Words

Athletes and Steroids nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jose Canseco claims steroids can make an average athlete a super athlete, and make a super athlete incredible. With that statement said, it not only compels pro athletes to use steroids, but teenagers as well. In 2002, NIDA funded a study that asked teen athletes if they ever tried steroids. The study confirmed that 2.5% of 8th graders used it; about 3.5% of 10th graders; and 4% of 12th graders admitted using steroids. The percentage of teens using steroids is on the rise every year and I believe something needs to be done to prevent it from even getting higher. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Most athletes acquire steroids to gain size and strength. The†¦show more content†¦Many dreams will be devastated, while others will take the initiative to take steroids and develop into the athlete they’ve dreamt to be. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Steroid use by professional players is tarnishing pro sports, as well as high school sports. If a high school athlete was juiced (taking steroids), there would be an incredible disadvantage to those who aren’t. Don’t get me wrong, there is a disadvantage to those in pro sports too, but many pro athlete’s bodies are more developed and can build and obtain more muscle mass than a 16 year old. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Barry Bonds used to be my favorite baseball player since I can remember. Until recently all the allegations of him using steroids has altered my thinking. If people accuse Barry of using steroids then they should accuse many others as well. I don’t think gaining 30 pounds of muscle within a few months is typical for athletes. If you look at pictures of athletes from their rookie year compared to 10 years later, it’d be normal to see a noticeable difference in muscle mass. People say that Barry started taking steroids prior to his record year when he cranked out 73 home runs. I think the substances he took were not anabolic steroids. It was some other kind of muscle enhancer that was legal. In Barry’s case, he might have taken steroids to get stronger or he might have taken them to reduceShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Steriods in Major League Baseball Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesBaseball is known as America’s pastime and is one o f the most popular, respected sports on earth. Since the beginning of the sport, it seemingly advances with technology every year making faster and stronger players. The use of steroids became rampant and spread among players and has carried them away from the true history of the game they play. Controversy still today runs around the sport today about fines, punishments and record breaking. The past two decades of Major League Baseball have beenRead MoreAthletes and Steroid Use Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In recent history American culture has become more and more dominated by sports. Out of all of these sports baseball is considered to be Americas pastime. Over the last couple years Americas pastime has come under scrutiny about some of its players using anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs. In an interview with Sports Illustrated, Major League Baseball commissioner Bud Selig said,  ¡Ã‚ §... hopefully we can figure out ways to solve th is problem. It needs to be solved. ThereRead More Anabolic Steriods Essays1261 Words   |  6 Pagesbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Weight Lifting Mrs. Registarnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; February 12, 2001 Anabolic Steriods nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anabolic Steroids are synthetic compounds formulated to be like the male sex hormone testosterone. Many athletes use anabolic steroids male and female alike, such as body builders, weightlifters, baseball players, football players, swimmers, and runners. They do so because they mistakenly believe that they will gain strength and sizeRead MoreEssay on Anabolic Steroids1716 Words   |  7 PagesAnabolic Steroids nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anabolic steroids are synthetic coumpounds formulated to be like the male sex hormone testosterone. Many athletes use anabolic steroids male and female alike, such as body builders , weightlifters, baseball players, football players, swimmers, and runners. They do so because they mistakenly believe that they will gain strength and size. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In a male testosterone is released by the leydig cells in the testes. The testosteroneRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned in Professional Sports2737 Words   |  11 Pages In 2013, 12 Major League Baseball players each received fifty game suspensions without pay for using performance enhancing drugs. Big names such as Ryan Braun and Alex Rodriguez were on this list. Testosterone, an illegal substance, is what is found in the performance enhancing drugs. Testosterone increases male characteristics such as body hair, aggression, deepening of the voice, and of course massive muscle growth (â€Å"Steroids† par. 1). Some professional athletes claim to use performance enhancing

Development of a Web-Based Student Information System for Secondary Schools in Nigeria free essay sample

School Management System In most Nigeria secondary schools, the storage, access and management of information is very poor. Information regarding students, their respective classes, and subjects taught in these classes, performance assessment records, grade entry and other forms of data manipulation are generally carried out manually using pen and booklets, in rare cases Microsoft Excel. Access to information can be cumbersome, irritating and frustrating due to poor storage and inaccessibility. Parents, officials and staff of these schools find it very difficult to get certain information that could enhance their decision-making and completion of an assigned task. I was asked by my instructor to analyze, design, develop and implement a practical solution that will alleviate these problems in a typical secondary school. The purpose of this report is to: 1) Provide details on the functional requirements and design specification of a typical solution. 2) Demonstrate that the requirement that will be stated in (1) above have been satisfied by implementing the solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a Web-Based Student Information System for Secondary Schools in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) Provide details of the development process and critically appraise the solution. The objective of this project is to design, develop and implement a computerized system that will enhance access, storage, processing and management of information regarding E-Student Management System student, their studies, teachers and subjects including student performance assessment records. I have designed, developed and implemented a web-based system using technologies in Microsoft . Net framework 4. 0 and Microsoft SQL Server 2008 software. A brief detail description of theories and techniques of the design and development of this solution is appraised in this report. Furthermore, an attached appendix explains the models, workflow and the architecture of the application. Users will be able to have access from any computer that has a browser and is connected to the internet. With a graphical user interface, this system is simple, user friendly and intuitive to use. It is not uncommon to find that many learning institutions in Nigeria, including secondary schools, still keep records in files and tucked them away in filling cabinets where they accumulate dust. Many of these files are often eaten up by rodents and cockroaches thus rendering them irretrievable. A great deal of routine administrative work in schools is still done manually with the state and the Federal government, including the administrators of this institutions showing little or no interest in embracing ICT. The administrative drudgery in secondary school institutions an be better managed through ICT. Secondary education administrative functions include a wide variety of activities such as educational governance, supervision, support services, infrastructure, 5 E-School Management System finance, budgeting, accounting, personnel selection and training system monitoring and evaluation, facilities procurement and management, equipment maintenance, and so on (Thomas, 1987). In most N igerian schools, officials and staff still go through the laborious exercise of manually registering students, maintaining records of students? erformance, keeping inventory list of supplies, doing cost accounting, paying bills and printing reports. The huge man-hour spent on these exercises can be drastically reduced with IT technologies to enhance overall management procedure. Thomas (1987), said that â€Å"Computers bring great speed and accuracy to each of these tasks, along with the convenience of storing large quantities of information on „small disks or tapes? (P. 5). For the purpose of this project, problems related to the management of information regarding student and their academic work, including teachers and subjects is the matter of concern.

Taboo Of Miscegeny In Othello Essays - Othello,

Taboo Of Miscegeny In Othello Racism in Othello Choose one non-dramatic text offered on the module, (an extract from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Literary Remains,) and show how it might help us understand Othello. The extract presents a sustained attack by Coleridge on Shakespeare for his lack of realism in the 'monstrous' depiction of a marriage between a 'beautiful Venetian girl,' and a 'veritable negro,' in Othello. He sees Shakespeare's transformation of a 'barbarous negro' into a respected soldier and nobleman of stature as 'ignorant', since at the time, 'negroes were not known except as slaves.' (Appendix) The extract seems to raise two questions - how central is the taboo of miscegeny to the play, and to what extent is Othello's reputation able to counter this prejudice? It is certainly not hard to conclude that it is probably Shakespeare's most controversial play. There is a clear theme of racism throughout, one which was firmly embedded in the Venetian society which rejects the marriage of Othello and Desdemona as erring, 'against all rules of nature,' [1.3.102] Nothing separates Othello from, 'the wealthy curled darlings of our nation,' [1.2.68] except skin-colour - he matches or even exceeds them in reputation. At the start of the play, he appears confident that, OTHELLO: My parts, my title, and my perfect soul Shall manifest me rightly. Othello 1.2.31-2 when he is called in front of the court on charges of witchcraft, yet the malevolent Iago is able to call on Othello's deep-rooted insecurities about his race in order to play Othello and Desdemona against one another until their marriage fails. Essentially, Iago is a representative of the white race, a pre-Nazi figure who tries to inform the public of the impurity of Othello and Desdemona's marriage. He demonstrates how this miscegenation is threatening to the existing social order, and ultimately, Othello's lifetime of achievement is not sufficient to pursuade others from prejudice in a moment of crisis (such as Desdemona's elopement,) or sustain his self-esteem in the long-run. Othello is structured so that the main premise of the play, introducing the main themes, appears near the beginning. It is obvious that Iago has an agenda planned of malevolent proportions with Othello at its target. He is the catalyst of all the destructive happenings within the play starting from the very beginning when he and Roderigo approach the residence of Brabantio in 1.1. He uses crude, racist language to appeal to the senator's traditional beliefs, including such phrases as, IAGO: Even now, now, very now, an old black ram Is tupping your white ewe! Othello 1.1.87-88 Iago even goes so far as to propose that Brabantio's grandchildren will be animals because of his daughter's base marriage with an 'other.' IAGO: ...you'll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse, you'll have your nephews neigh to you, you'll have coursers for cousins, and jennets for germans. Othello 1.1.109-112 Later we are told that Iago's motive is jealousy and he uses the rhetoric of racism to undermine Othello, playing on Brabantio's prejudices to provoke him, even though, as Othello relates later, 'Her father loved me, oft invited me.' [1.3.129] A shock and a few crude comments from Iago is all it takes to make a respected figure turn against a close friend of equal stature simply because of skin colour. Technically, Brabantio was not legally allowed to nullify his daughter's marriage to the Moor as she was over the age of consent. Culturally, however, he had all the support necessary to challenge the marriage given common racist assumptions of the time, and accuses Othello of sorcery and witchcraft. This means firstly that he is unable to imagine his daughter wilfully deceiving him, an understandable reaction given her past dutiful behaviour, 'so tender, fair and happy' [1.2.66] and the nature of the patriarchal society in which she lived. Secondly, like Coleridge, he cannot believe she would ever 'fall in love with what she feared to look on,' [1.3.99] without the aid of spells, and thirdly, he suggests that Othello's race makes him capable of these powers of 'black' magic - we have to ask ourselves; if Desdemona had eloped with Roderigo, would he be accused of witchcraft? If Brabantio had not reverted to his prejudices and stayed calm, he

Colonial Acts essays

Colonial Acts essays 1773 The Tea Act. This law was passed after the Townshend Act was repealed. It started when the British heard about the colonies corresponding with one another. The Parliament decided to open a new law, the Tea Act. The Tea Act gave all the American trade to the East India Company. This angered the colonist because it put shippers and merchants out of business. Even thought now, the tea would be cheaper, they still taxes the colonists. The colonists soon retaliated by one night some colonists organized themselves. They went aboard the ships in Boston dressed like Indians and destroyed all the chests of tea on the ship. This helped lead to the revolutionary war because now the colonists were fighting back. Also, the colonists were more angered when after the Boston Tea party the British still didnt repeal the Tea Act. 1774 The Intolerable Acts. The King George III was furious when he heard about the Boston Tea Party. So, he tried mastering the colonies by having the Parliament pass four harsh laws. In fact, the laws were so intolerable that the colonists called them the Intolerable Acts. The first law was that the British would close the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea they destroyed. The second law was that the British greatly restricted representative government in MA. Town meetings could only be held with the governors permission. Towns were also forbidden to appoint committees of corespondents. The third law was the British were allowed to house their troops where ever necessary. The fourth law was the British allowed British officials accused of crimes to stand trial in Britain, rather than the colonies. King George III had General Gage appointed governor to inverse the intolerable acts. This led to the Revolutionary War because the laws were very unfair to the coloni sts and caused events to happen like the first continental congress, which led up to the Revolutionary War. ...

Information Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems - Research Paper Example Despite the efficiency and effectiveness of the communication system at the company, Hierarchical Network Design incorporation offers more benefits (White & Donohue, 2014). To meet the fundamental network design goals, a network should be developed on an architecture that permits both flexibilities as well as growth. The hierarchical design is effectively used to group devices into various networks. Such a network design involves subdividing the network into various discrete layers. Every layer provides precise functions that outline its role within the network in totality (Oppenheimer, 2005). Through separating the functions that are on a network, the network design becomes very proper for use for this business for it becomes modular, facilitating scalability as well as performance. Such are the urgent concern for a modern day bicycle manufacturing business. The usual hierarchical design is broken up into distinctly three layers, core, access and access, distribution. The core layer, for instance, will connect distribution layer devices. Access layer, on the other hand, has the main purpose providing a direct connection to network devices and controlli ng the devices allowed to communicate with it. Finally, distribution layer has the role of interconnecting the smaller local networks. As a conclusion, by examining the communication network within Mosaic Cycle; the overall efficiency and effectiveness of this system are evident. Nonetheless, as evident in the paper hierarchical network possess advantages over this network designs thus recommended.

Battle Royal( Ralph Ellison) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Battle Royal( Ralph Ellison) - Essay Example In the beginning of the chapter, the African American Narrator is praised by the white folks for his speech in satirical terms. But the black man will not relent. He wishes to protect his essential dignity, notwithstanding the fact that the white people are out to ridicule him on all counts. The black narrator is firm about his decision. Instead of avoiding the white men, he wishes to actively associate with them, to prove his worth. But racial segregation continues. Social harmony between the people of black and white races is still a distant dream. Blacks undergo horrific experiences and Ellison has availed the option to make the story full of imagery and satire than come out with statements and statistics. Strange situations are created for the humiliation of the black youngsters. This happens in an all-white men’s club, where a black protagonist of the story, considered to be a brilliant orator, is invited for a speech on cultural issues. A clever plan is hatched to humiliate him and other black youngsters. He is supposed to give a talk on humility but what is the use of talk on such a topic to people devoid of humanity? In the next situation, describing a fight scene in the ring Ellison states, "It was complete anarchy. Everybody fought everybody else. No group fought together for long" (942). This is the broad indicator as for the tactics used by the white people to keep the blacks suppressed, divided and fight amongst

Ecology Essay Example for Free

Ecology Essay Patterns of plant successional change in Gatineau Park, Old Chelsea, were studied quantitatively. The relations between different successional stages of plant communities and abiotic factors were descried. To test these, we went to the fields, and worked on two transect in groups of 4. We counted the trees and measured the diameter at breast height (dbh) for tree with a dbh value greater than 2cm. The dbh measurements (cm), percentage of fern cover and percentage of bare ground were recorded and used to perform statistical analysis. No significant variations in the distribution of abundant tree species using chi2 analysis and percentage of fern cover using t-test analysis were observed between the compared sites. No significant variations found in the interquadrat analysis, and mean dbh of abundant tree species and percentage of bare ground between the sites compared. The results verified the stated hypothesis and were supported by literature sources. Introduction The purpose of this study is to quantitatively describe patterns of plant successional change in old-field succession in temperate mixed forest ecosystems and to describe the relation between abiotic factors and plant communities at different successional stages. Succession is described as predictable patterns of change over time and specifically, in ecology, as the predictable pattern of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. There are two types of succession; primary and secondary. Primary succession refers to the successional development of plant communities that takes place on a site formerly devoid of vegetation and usually lack well developed soil. Secondary succession refers to the successional development of plant communities that takes place when a well developed ecological community is disturbed either by natural or anthropogenic factors. Secondary successions are typically faster than primary successions since well developed soil is already present (Kaufman Franz, 2000). Old field succession is a type of anthropogenic secondary succession that refers to the successional development of plant communities on abandoned farmland (Cramer and Hobbs, 2007). This lab looks at an old field succession in the temperate mixed forest biome, particularly an area along the main rail of Gatineau Park Visitor Centre in Old Chelsea. This study area consists of five different sites which have been divided into transects and subdivided into quadrats. Each transect has 3 quadrats, and each site has 4 transects. There are five sites overall: site 1, site 2, site 3a, site 3b, and site 4. Each site has a different location and has had different type of disturbance. Dbh measurements (cm) of all identified tree species, percentage of plot area bare ground and percentage of area covered by ferns were recorded within the assigned quadrats. The dbh measurements were grouped into two size categories; dbh ≠¥ 2cm and dbh ≠¤ 2cm. Null hypotheses to be tested: HO1: there is no significant statistical difference between quadrats 1 and 2 of site 3a transect 2 HO2: there is no significant statistical difference between quadrats 1 and 3 of site 3a transect 2 HO3: there is no significant statistical difference between quadrats 2 and 3 of site 3a transect 2 HO4: there is no significant statistical difference between the three most abundant species of site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 HO5: there is no significant statistical difference between the dbh value for the three most abundant species at site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 HO6: there is no significant statistical difference between the percentage of bare ground at site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 HO7: there is no significant statistical difference between the percentage of plot area covered by ferns at site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 The alternate hypotheses for each of the null hypotheses state that there is a significant difference between what is being comp ared. Materials Method Refer to â€Å"Bio 2129 Ecology Lab Manual†, â€Å"Lab # 3 – Human modification of temperate forests: Disturbance and succession†, pages 4-6. Modification: Where it says to leave the string at the transect (bottom of page 5), was modified since we were given the measuring equipment before the lab began. Results Figure 1 (a) shows that at site 3a (transect 2), sugar maple is the most abundant tree species among tree species with dbh ≠¥ 2cm. (b) shows glossy buckthorn is the most abundant tree species among tree species with dbh ≠¤ 2cm. Table 1 show no statistical significance to the t-stat, therefore no significant variation exists among the quadrats 1+2 and 2+3 for the mean dbh (cm) of sugar maple. So we fail to reject the null hypothesis. On the other hand, quadrat 1+ 3 shows variation according to the t stat, therefore the null hypothesis for that quadrat is rejected. Figure 2 shows that among tree species with dbh ≠¥ 2cm, sugar maple, iron wood, red pine are the most abundant tree species at both sites 1 (transect 2), and site 1 (transect 2). Figure 3 shows that among tree species with dbh ≠¤ 2cm, sugar maple, glossy buckthorn and red ash are the most abundant tree species at site 3a (transect 2). Sugar maple, iron wood, and white ash are the most abundant tree species at site 1 (transect 2). Table 4 shows no statistical significance. We fail to reject the null hypothesis. Table 5 shows no statistical significance to the t-stats and therefore there is no significant variation in the mean dbh (cm) ≠¥ 2 cm. We fail to reject the null hypothesis. Table 6 shows no statistical significance. We fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Transition in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay -- Where

Transition in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each of us experiences transitions in our lives. Some of these changes are small, like moving from one school semester to the next. Other times these changes are major, like the transition between youth and adulthood. In Joyce Carol Oates' "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?", the author dramatizes a real life crime story to examine the decisive moment people face when at the crossroads between the illusions and innocence of youth and the uncertain future.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joyce Carol Oates' message of life and transitions is best understood when the reader brings his or her interpretation to meet with the author's intention at a middle ground. This type of literary analysis is known as Reader Response. In Reader-Response, the emphasis is placed on "the idea that various readers respond in various ways, and therefore [the] readers as well as authors 'create' meaning" (Barnet, et. al. 1997). In this story of life passages and crucial events, it is imperative that the reader has a solid response to Oates' efforts in order to fully comprehend the message. Literature is a combined meeting between the intentions of the author and the reaction of the reader.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author begins her message with the title of her work, which conveys the idea of passages of time in life. The phrase "where are you going" suggests a time in the future, and the phrase "where have you been" evokes the past. Oates' message continues through the plot and characters. The basic elements of "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" are rooted in a true story of a 1965 crime. Occurring just a year before Oates' 1966 story was published, the "parallels between [th... ...et al. New York: Longman 1997. * * Reaske, Christopher R. and John Knott, Jr. "Interview With Joyce Carol Oates." Mirrors: An Introduction to Literature. 2nd ed. Eds. John Knott, Jr. and Christopher Reaske. San Francisco: Canfield Press 1975. * * Tierce, Mike and John Michael Crafton. "Connie's Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend. Literature: Thinking, Reading, and Writing Critically. 2nd ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al. New York: Longman 1997. * * Wegs, Joyce M. "'Don't You Know Who I Am?' The Grotesque in Oates' 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'" Critical Essays on Joyce Carol Oates. Ed. Linda W. Wagner. Boston: G. K. Hall 1979. * * Winslow, Joan D. "The Stranger Within: Two Stories by Oates and Hawthorne." Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 6 of Short Story Criticism. New York: Gale Research 1990.         

Digital Television †Is It Advancement?

Digital television is becoming a global trend with a startling velocity. Following the lead of North America and Western Europe, a host of countries in East/South Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe are also hastening the epic shift from analog to digital television. It is predicted that approximately 1 billion people will be viewing digital broadcast television by the end of this year. At the current pace, nearly 38 percent of the world's TV households will be receiving digital signals by 2010 (Informa Telecoms & Media, 2007, p. 2).Underlying this technological gold rush is an array of remarkable features that digital broadcasting presents: interactivity, multichannel capacity, immunity to interference by other signals, superb audio-visual qualities, and quasi-universal interoperability with other media that recognize digital language. These outstanding qualities are founded upon the quintessence of digital technology: the binary codification (comparable to the dots and dashes o f the telegraph code), which converts data into â€Å"a bitstream of zeros and ones† (Owen, 1999, p.151).Since digital technology can break down virtually any type of information (print, painting, music, sound, photography) into a uniform code of bits and bytes, it is now possible to establish universal compatibility among various media. As Timothy Todreas (1999) observes, â€Å"text, graphics, audio and video used to be within the purview of separate industries: print, radio, and television respectively. Once digitized†¦ bits can commingle effortlessly. Content can travel down the same distribution path and can be used interchangeably† (pp.78-79).Paradoxically, the atomize-ability of digital technology precipitates digital convergence, in which all the sophisticated traditional media taxonomies and typologies will become muddied and eventually obsolete. Aside from the universal connectivity of digital television with neighboring media, there are a few other prope rties of digital television: audio/visual excellence, multichannel capacity, and interactivity. The digital television is capable of delivering superior audio/video quality compared to its analog counterpart.However, the enhanced audio/visual fidelity of digital television is best exploited in a combined use with the Hi-Definition television system, an advanced method of injecting televisual signals onto the screen in a much more precise fashion than that of its predecessors, the NTSC and PAL systems. Contrary to common belief, HDTV is not an immediate offspring of the digital television system, although electronics makers, broadcasters, and policymakers of the digital television excitedly promote it as digital television's headliner.There are multiple, significant reasons behind the deliberate â€Å"passing† of HDTV as the figurehead of digital television, especially in a Japanese context. Compared to analog signals, digitized information takes much less bandwidth, i. e. , m uch less channel capacity to distribute content per unit of time. This technical â€Å"thriftiness† is an end result of the compression technology that can filter out redundant data and squeeze more data into a given bandwidth. The economic use of bandwidth means greater space to fit more channels, which ends the â€Å"distribution bottleneck† (Todreas, 1999, p.79) common to analog formats.The sudden abundance of bandwidth leads to an explosion of channel outlets, metamorphosing the television industry structure. The interactive function of digital television is yet another benefit of the efficient use of bandwidth. A broadened bandwidth not only increases the volume of channels and the velocity of information but also enables â€Å"two-way† traffic. With expanded two-way interactions between sender and receiver, digital television could transform the modality of broadcasting from a linear, unilateral communication to a cyclical, bilateral one.Apparently, the le vel of control for the user is strictly limited by the choices provided by the software programmer. However, the interactivity of television will incrementally open new modes of socio-economic and cultural interactions (Video-On-Demand and T-commerce, for instance) among the user (Swann, 2000). Still, all the perks of digital television don't come without costs and shortcomings. The multiple channels of digital television could inspire program diversification and perhaps contribute to a socio-cultural diversification.In fact, critics and viewers have already become disillusioned by the promise of channel multiplication, for it has impoverished, rather than improved, the program quality and originality in a way similar to what cable television did in the U. S. Likewise, the interactive functions of digital television could turn into a blight rather than a blessing. Tony Feldman (1997) posits that interactivity â€Å"runs the risk of giving the users so much power in determining thei r own experiences of content that the only message conveyed is the one the user chooses to receive.The freedom to chart your own course, therefore, can emasculate as readily as it can liberate† (p. 18). Development of HDTV The question of high definition television came up in the early 1970's when Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), the Japanese Broadcasting Corporation, raised the possibility of HDTV. The technology was first developed by the Japanese to produce a better quality picture than previously available, and in 1978 NHK came up with two new HDTV systems. One of them was an 1,125 line system, the other a 2,125 line system that was transmitted by satellite (Fisher & Fisher, 1996).Japan started the HDTV movement in 1970 and spent over one billion dollars on its development by mid-1990 (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). In the early 1970's the major players in the effort to produce HDTV were Sony Pictures, Panasonic, Ikegami, and NHK. Most of the engineering was undertaken by Sony and NHK te sted the concept over the air. Panasonic and Ikegami (along with Sony) developed cameras, video tape recorders and other equipment needed for an entire HDTV package. Philips, the Dutch equipment manufacturer, developed a new HDTV system called Eureka in the early 1970's.The system scanned 1,250 horizontal lines at 50 frames per second, with the same 16 to 9 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. This system was sometimes referred to as Vision 1,250 (Gross, 2000). The American television industry was finally waking up and coming out of the doldrums it had been in since the early 1970's. The Japanese production had already taken over television, VCR's, and the stereo business. It looked as if they would also become world-leaders in the development of HDTV (Fisher and Fisher, 1996).The US was behind in the development of HDTV over Europe and Japan. The Defense Department pledged to spend $30 million dollars on the technology. The Defense Department sanctioned the spending of this money p artly because the superior picture quality would have application for military reconnaissance and pilot training (Hart, 2004). The House Telecommunications Subcommittee held a hearing with the intent to insure that this new technology would flourish in the United States (Gross, 2000).The electronics industry is in a high stakes race. A 1989 government report stated that the United States stood a chance to lose 2 million jobs, and suffer a $225 billion dollar annual trade deficit by the year 2010 if the US does not produce a coherent strategy to compete in the HDTV and associated industries (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). During the Reagan era an industrial consortium known as â€Å"Sematech† wanted to push the United States to become the leading technological manufacturer of the computer chip. This chip is used in HDTV.Chipmakers are of vital importance to the overall well being of the electronics industry. They represent the USA's largest manufacturing business, with revenues for 19 89 of $300 billion dollars. This is a business that is larger than the steel industry, aerospace, and the automobile industry combined (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). The American Electronics Association (AEA) wanted funds in US government loans, grants and loan guarantees to further produce and improve HDTV. They felt once the government committed itself that deeply it could not pull out (Hart, 2004).The AEA's attempt to persuade the government to enter into a government-industry consortium failed. It was an ambitious program to form a consortium to develop the next-generation of HDTV sets. The plan attracted only nominal support in Congress. The Bush administration actively opposed the idea. It received vocal support from the industry but no financial commitments (Hart, 2004). The Bush administration wanted to pull the plug on the high-tech industries. Washington was determined to cut the $10 million dollars pledged for research and development of HDTV in 1989.It also wanted to cut all fe deral support including the $100 million dollars it pledged for research and development in 1991. The Japanese manufacturers of semiconductors are encouraged by their government to spend 50 percent more on research and development of the chip. This is often subsidized by the Japanese government. This is more money spent on chip development than its US counterpart (Hart, 2004). In 1977 the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) formed a study group to investigate HDTV in the United States.As early as 1973 an 1,125 scanning line HDTV system was shown to engineers with CBS supporting the system. By 1980 SMPTE recommended using a system of about 1,100 scanning lines per frame and an interlace system (Fisher & Fisher, 1996). Since the US decided to take the lead in HDTV development the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) sponsored the movement by creating â€Å"The Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service† (ACATS). This was headed by former FCC Cha irman Richard Wiley (Schreiber, 1999). ACATS declared an open competition to help create a usable HD service for the US.The FCC requested those involved with this project to submit their proposals to the FCC for approval. Shortly after that 23 proposals were turned in to the FCC. All of them were in analog format (Schreiber, 1999). Many of the inventors felt that digital would not become available until the 21st century. Also many broadcasters were not interested in creating a new system that was not compatible with their existing system, since that would require them to invest heavily to create a new market form (Fisher and Fisher, 1996). CBS was the first network to actively pursue HDTV (Hart, 2004).This was unusual since at that time the broadcast networks had less money to invest in high cost programming. In part some of this was due as a result of the viewing audiences shifting over from the broadcast networks' programming to the cable stations. The loss of viewers to home VCR playback and rental movies, satellite delivery of Direct-TV, DBS and pay cable services also accounted for viewer erosion (Hart, 2004). In 1981 the Japanese company NHK was prodded by CBS to come to the United States to demonstrate their HDTV system.Members of CBS and SMPTE met with the Japanese in San Francisco, California, at the St. Francis Hotel at an annual television conference. The demonstration was very successful. The viewers were impressed with the NHK's system's â€Å"extraordinary resolution, rich saturated color and wide screen monitors and projection television displays (Hart, 2004, p. 92). † The general feeling of the people attending the conference was that the HDTV system broke all constraints of television picture quality imposed on them by the aging NTSC color standard.In 1983, based on what they saw at the conference, the Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC) was formed. Their goal was to improve the quality of video and develop new standards in tech nology. They were also instructed to come up with a recommendation for a usable HDTV standard for the United States by the spring of 1985. They were to present this standard to a subcommittee of the International Consultative Radio Committee (CCIR) which would set a world standard (Hart, 2004). The ATSC is a committee largely made up of engineers. In 1984 it had a yearly budget of $250,000.They decided to work on three parallel ideas to help improve the overall picture performance of US television. One group called the â€Å"improved NTSC† group headed by RCA Laboratories' Kern Powers, worked to improve the present standard by improving studio and transmission equipment and the television receivers. Another group called the â€Å"enhanced group† investigated new production and transmission systems that still used the 525 scanning lines and a 4 to 3 aspect ratio. They also sought to produce a better picture through different signal formats (Fisher & Fisher, 1996).The th ird group worked on HDTV at the CBS Technology Center and closely examined the Japanese NHK type of HDTV. This system would produce twice as many horizontal and vertical scanning lines as the NTSC system and would have an aspect ratio of 5 to 3 (Fisher & Fisher, 1996). Their goal was to have an HDTV standard that they could present to the FCC by the spring of 1985. Their standard would be compatible with NTSC, PAL and SECAM and they could transfer their video to 3 5 mm film for theatrical release (Dupagne & Seel, 1998).By March of 1985 ATSC did have a standard they felt they could present to the FCC. They picked 1,125 scanning lines as their standard because it was a compromise between twice the 525 NTSC standard, which equals 1,050 and twice 625 lines (used in Europe) which is 1,250. The system would also have a two-to-one interlaced scanning, a 5 to 3 aspect ratio and scan at 80 fields per second. This scanning rate was the only source of controversy, since the NTSC used 60 per se cond and most of Europe used 50 per second (Fisher & Fisher, 1996).The Europeans felt it could not be used by them because conversion could not take place without some degradation of picture quality. The Japanese approved of it since most of their experiments were conducted in a 60 field per second rate (Hart, 2004). By January of 1988 the ATSC voted on an HDTV system of 1,125 scanning lines, 60 hertz HDTV, 16 to 9 aspect ratio production standard. The vote approved of this standard 26 for and 11 against, with 8 abstaining. The Association of Maximum Service Telecasters (AMST) and the National Association of Broadcasters voted against the new standard (Dupagne & Seel, 1998).Late in 1987 the FCC steering committee submitted a list of five proposed guidelines in which to raise, or solicit, the funds from the participating companies involved with the development of HDTV. The most important guideline of the proposal was that â€Å"no one source contributes more than 15 per cent of the total, private funds raised,† according to the FCC (Hart, 1994, p. 216). In 1989 the American Electronics Association predicted that HDTV would reach the mass market by 1999 and that it would take until the year 2002 to reach 10 percent market penetration.They stated that HDTV would be megapixel, doubling the horizontal and vertical resolution of present television, with around 1,200 scanning lines by about 800 points across and close to a million pixels per screen. It was believed at this time that early HDTV sets would be expensive, large, projection TV's that would find their way into sports bars before they are accepted in private homes (Helliwell, 1989). It was the dawn of the digital age. â€Å"The leap from analog to digital could be as striking as that from black and white to color. † (Dupagne & Seel, 1998, p. 67).By 1990 General Instrument Corporation claimed it had perfected the first all-digital method of transmitting an HDTV signal that would be compatible w ith conventional broadcast channels. That year the FCC announced that it would select the new United States HDTV standard after extensive testing from applicants from six systems including European, Japanese and American companies (Hart, 2004). On May 24, 1993 the â€Å"Grand Alliance† was formed. The four leading pioneers of USA's quest for a high definition picture joined forces. General Instruments-DSRC, AT+T/Zenith, Thomson/Philips, and MIT were the companies that formed this alliance.The purpose of the Grand Alliance was to combine the various parts of their four separate systems into one complete system. This way they would produce a single, all-digital HDTV transmission system. The four HDTV systems that each company produced separately (before the alliance) had a good picture in a 6 Mhz channel, but none of them were deemed good enough to be considered the single acceptable standard (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). The new Grand Alliance systems comprised 1080 active scanning lines with 1920 pixels per line, interlaced at 59.94 and 60 fields per second, and a 720 active line with 1280 pixels per line, progressive scanning at 59. 94 and 60 frames per second. Both formats operated in the progressive scanning mode at 30 and 24 frames per second.The system used MPEG-2 video compression and transport systems and Dolby AC-3, 384 Kb/8 audio. It also used the 8-VSB transmission system developed by Zenith. This system was overwhelmingly approved by the ATSC membership. The old analog NTSC television will someday cease to exists as we know it. In its place high quality digital TV and HDTV will capture a larger and larger share of the market (Dupagne & Seel, 1998).The ATSC believed that its HDTV standard would rule the land-based-over-the-air broadcast not only in the United States but in the northern hemisphere, and even in a few Asian countries as well. Europe, Japan and Australia are going to have a different HDTV standard from the USA. America's standard uses a n eight-level vestigial sideband (8-VSB) 6- Mhz modulation for its over-the-air transmission. The European, Japanese, and Australian systems use an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system (Strassberg, 1998). But politics intervened and a world wide standard was not to be.Different parts of the world will all have their own high definition standards. All the different formats will have more scanning lines than the present NTSC system, but they will not have the same number of scanning lines as each other. Therefore, conversion will be necessary between each country's systems (Hart, 2004). When the people involved in trying to set up a standard for HDTV moved from the chaotic to a more organized collaboration the marketing strategies did not keep pace with the development. There was a consensus among the manufacturers that HDTV would never happen, or at least it would be on a smaller scale than predicted.In Japan their HDTV development was stunted because of a lack of attractive programming. In Europe HDTV was abandoned because there was no consensus among programmers, signal providers, and the public (Hart, 2004). Both Mexico and Canada have refused to sign off on the channel assignments granted to the US stations in bordering areas. This will lead to a clouding up of the signals in those parts of the states. Detroit had to delay its planned digital/HDTV delivery launch on November 1, 1998, because of signal mix-up (Stern, 1998). The Thompson Manufacturing Company emphasized that the success of HDTV will largely depend on the broadcaster.Though HDTV sets are being manufactured it will depend on the number of hours of high definition signal that is being transmitted out there, to pull the audience to the television screen (Hart, 2004). . The FCC and HDTV By 1990 the FCC decided that the HDTV signal would have to fit into one channel. The Japanese were suggesting that the US use their MUSE (Multiple Sub-Nyguist Encoding) system. This system would use one channel for the picture and another channel with information to boost it to HDTV level (Schreiber, 1999). By Congressional order the FCC has assigned a second TV channel to each of the nations 1,600 television stations.Each of these stations will now be able to offer digital signal service to the public. It will be up to the broadcasters as to what kinds of services to offer and in what format they wish to transmit in (Hart, 2004). Originally then FCC Chairman, Reed Hundt, wanted to auction off the HDTV channels. The proposal for this auction was then introduced to Congress by Senate Majority Leader, Bob Dole. But, heavy lobbying by the broadcasters quickly killed the bill (Schreiber, 1999). Regulators were considering adding 30 Mhz, or channels 2 to 6, to the spectrum that broadcasters will be using when the shift to digital TV is completed.By the year 2002 the analog channels will be returned to the government. The FCC will then auction these returned channels off to pros pective buyers. Congress and the White House expected this auction to raise somewhere around $5. 4 billion dollars. If broadcasters are given this additional 30 Mhz this would set the FCC back by about $2 billion dollars (Schreiber, 1999). When the analog channels are no longer in use by the broadcasters and they are auctioned off, they will be used for non-broadcast use such as mobile phones, two-way paging, and wireless Internet access (Schreiber, 1999).The broadcasters will transmit both the existing NTSC analog signal on one channel and the new HDTV signal on another channel. This way the existing analog TV sets will not be rendered useless immediately. The FCC adopted this simulcast plan where each existing television station would be assigned a second 6-Mhz channel for the analog TV and a channel for HDTV service (Schreiber, 1999). On Thursday April 3, 1997, the FCC approved by 4 to zero the biggest advance to broadcasters since the 1950's when color was introduced to televisi on.The government announced that it was giving away to broadcasters free air-space. Critics of the FCC felt that giving this free air-space, without having the stations pay for it, was the biggest government give away of the century. To the 1,600 stations in this country this is an estimated $70 billion dollar gift of free channels (Schreiber, 1999). To create the necessary channels needed for HDTV the spectrum space was taken from UHF stations of channels 14 or higher. The government has had a history of setting aside unused channels in the past for the broadcasters.The government will be taking these channels back and making them available to fire, police, rescue, and other public safety groups (Schreiber, 1999). By November 1, 1998 the FCC ruled that the networks must begin to broadcast a digital signal. At first only the top 10 markets will get any of the new ATSC digital signals. Only about 5 hours of broadcast high definition signal will be available. The stations will be free to broadcast as little, or as much HDTV signal as they deem possible. By 1998 the first true high definition television sets were available for sale on the open market (Hart, 2004).The roots of HDTV lie in a 1996 decision by the FCC to require broadcasters to transmit two signals, one in analog (NTSC) and one in digital. The FCC required that broadcasters continue broadcasting the analog signal until the year 2006, although the deadline can be extended if digital grows too slowly in popularity. The FCC gave each TV station a second broadcast channel for digital signals used for the new HDTV programming (Schreiber, 1999). There has been some indication that the HDTV signal does not work as well as it was predicted, or promised, to work.The November 1, 1998 launch date for HD signal was to deliver crystal clear images and CD-quality sound. And it did, but only 40 percent of the time. After a test in Washington, DC, in 1998 it was found that a majority of the time the televisions usin g indoor antennas could not display a high definition image. It was an all or nothing at all thing with over-the-air digital signals. Test results stated that with terrestrial transmission, broadcasters and set manufacturers will be even more reliant on cable operators to reach their potential viewers (Schreiber, 1999).For someone who sets up their HDTV receiver during the winter months when the leaves are off the trees, there are some who did not receive a signal in the spring when the new leaves appeared. Often the first time a potential customer views an HD television set they have to become accustomed to some surprising effects. As a result of the image compression techniques that are used to squeeze such a high-resolution picture into a 6 Mhz channel there are no noticeable defects in the picture until there is motion on the screen.The motionless backgrounds appear in stunningly clear detail, but when an object moves the picture momentarily blurs and develops a â€Å"block lik e† image around the moving object (Strassberg, 1998). The bugs are still being worked out, but as it stands the first person to purchase a high definition TV set will not be sure it will work with an antenna, and they won't be able to connect to cable (Strassberg, 1998). Industrial Policy, Politics and HDTV In October 1988, the American Electronics Association (AEA) released a report forecasting the effect of HDTV on the U. S. economy and technological prowess.This report heightened fears of foreign threats to the domestic consumer electronics industry. A string of Congressional hearings followed. In May 1989, the AEA issued a second report, which included a recommendation for $1. 35 billion in government assistance (Hart, 2004, pp. 157-9). This was necessary, argued the report, to make American companies competitive with their international competitors. The resulting political fall out could have hardly been anticipated. The second AEA report was the proverbial â€Å"last st raw† in a very heated ideological battle over American industrial policy.One side of the argument feared that U.S. firms were unfairly disadvantaged against international competition because many foreign companies enjoyed generous subsidies from their governments, which often had much more cohesive industrial policies than that of the U. S. The other side argued that the best way to ensure American success could only be accomplished through the competitive process of a free market, which is what drove the American innovative spirit—not government mandates and funding. These differing positions were soon became part of a political battle between Capitol Hill and the Bush Administration (Bingham, 1998).The position of the latter was influenced by a stand against industrial policy taken by Bush during a campaign speech, where he declared, â€Å"I oppose the federal government's picking of winners and losers in the private sector. That's known as ‘industrial policyâ € Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (Hart, 1994, p. 221). The debate had been percolating for some time. Just prior to the second AEA report, Senator Al Gore (D-Tenn. ) had been the most recent of a list of legislators to introduce yet another bill designed to spur HDTV development and push the Whitehouse towards a more proactive domestic industrial policy.The bill was motivated in part by Gore's unhappiness with Secretary Mosbacher, who had refused to attend a hearing by his Science Subcommittee (Bingham, 1998). Not all within the industry favored the Congressional push for government assistance. The Electronic Industries Association (EIA), whose members—unlike the AEA—included foreign owned companies as well as U. S. companies did not support government subsidization for fear they might not get a piece of the proverbial pie (Bingham, 1998). Philips and Thompson lobbied vigorously against this legislation.They argued that their system shouldn't be put at a disadvantage just because they wer e European companies. After all, their American subsidiaries provided American jobs just like their American owned counterparts, and their system, if chosen, would benefit the American public just like the other systems (Hart, 2004). This illustrates the problematic nature of industrial policy: provided you do decide that it is even in America's best interest to subsidize companies, how do you then rationalize subsidizing those very competitors all over again?Yet, if you do subsidize U.S. and not foreign owned companies, you still risk disadvantaging American workers (Bingham, 1998). As a consequence of the political battle over industrial policy, the Bush Administration developed an anti-HDTV policy. Secretary of Commerce Robert Mosbacher, who had initially supported the promotion of a strong HDTV policy, became a critic of such policies as a result of the political fallout. In one Congressional hearing, he criticized the industry for holding back research in hopes that it might ge t funding from the government (Hart, 1994, pp.221-222).The second AEA report came at the climax of the battle. A focal point of the battle was DARPA, which had begun an initiative to fund HDTV technology in the public sector for â€Å"dual use† purposes (i. e. encourage technologies that provide significant benefits to both the defense and civilian sectors) (Bingham, 1998, p. 110). By the end of May, the White House had ordered a halt to pro HDTV industrial policies, and Craig Fields, a vocal supporter of DoD funded HDTV development, would eventually be dismissed in April of 1990.Interestingly, in the midst of all this fallout, Al Sikes, former head of the NTIA and a big proponent of HDTV, became the new Chairman of the FCC in August of 1989. However, the nomination had actually been submitted before the political battle over HDTV had escalated (Dupagne & Seel, 1998, p. 184). The introduction of digital helped alleviate the conflicting goals of progress versus compatibility, by offering an option so significantly advanced that it superseded the goal of compatibility.The conflicting goals reflect the much broader conflict between the FCC's dual mandates to promote and police. It is interesting to keep in mind, however, that new technology was not the only factor in this move. After all, the FCC actually chose to pursue an HDTV approach vis-a-vis a more compatible EDTV approach at least two months before, GI revealed its digital system (Hart, 2004). It might be very easy to lay the problems of adoption that have resulted from choosing a digital system, which was not compatible to NTSC, at the feet of the FCC.We could speculate that commissioners were unable to grasp the complexities and significance economic principles or the staff was to rigid in its thinking to find a truly innovative solution to the problems already discussed. However, the fact remains that the move towards DTV was also made by industry participants. The FCC could not force manufacture rs to propose a system they did not want (Hart, 2004). Once full digital HDTV had been achieved, many manufacturers voluntarily scrapped their analog systems in order to pursue digital systems. In making this choice proponents were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control.They could not afford not to choose a digital system following GI's breakthrough: the risk that the public and officials would perceive such systems as technologically inferior was too great. Digital threatened the successful adoption of any analog system, regardless of the outcome of the contest. In the end the analog systems failed to compete adequately with the digital systems anyway (Hart, 2004). Conclusion Now era of analog broadcast television in the United States will end as the nation completes its transition to an all-digital system, which is set on February 17, 2009 (dtv.com).The veneration of HDTV as the single source of spectacular televisual experience and as the epitome of digital televisi on is a necessary mythology for the joint endeavor of the broadcasting industry, HDTV manufacturers, and the MPT to move digital broadcasting in the world forward. HDTV is, by definition, a specific type of television receiver that provides higher resolution than the NTSC standard by way of compressing, storing, and delivering a greater amount of image and sound information than previous transmission systems.There are a number of competing HDTV standards, and unlike common mis/conceptions, not all HD televisions are digital. Nor does the digital HDTV necessarily guarantee a better audio-visual fidelity than the analog HDTV. Additionally, HDTV is not the sole foundation of the audio-visual grandeur of the digital television system. Technically, not all HDTV can assist or accommodate diverse functions (e. g. , interactivity) that the digital broadcasting service would normally offer. Nor can all digital television receivers, likewise, convey as good a picture quality as a HDTV would p roffer.As the digitalization of broadcasting became an irreversible national policy of U. S. in 1990s, electronics companies tended to blend the two technical specifications, manufacturing only digital HDTV sets. And as the digital HDTV becoming a norm in the industry, digital television and HDTV are often used interchangeably, regardless of their technical and conceptual differences. Digital TV alone could enhance audio-visual quality to a considerable degree, since it involves no mediation of transmission towers or ground cables, thereby decreasing the chance for the deterioration of broadcast signals.Accurate or erroneous, the adoration of HDTV as the end-all and be-all of visual excellence would place the entire edifice of digital broadcasting in U. S. on a pedestal. More specifically, it is expected to have a dramatic impact on the viewer's awareness of digital broadcasting, and consequently, adoption of more advanced, multifunctional digital TV sets. As the audience is exposed to the crisp, vivid images of HDTV, they will see a compelling reason to switch to digital broadcasting. A wide and speedy diffusion of digital HDTV is a prerequisite for the energetic growth of digital broadcasting and a barometer to measure such growth.Second, digital HDTV sets are considered an axial item for the reinvigoration of U. S. ‘s economy led by the three engines: the AV equipment industry, electronics manufacturing, and online business. With many years of rigorous R&D endeavors, U. S. begin to claims its share of the global HDTV and associated A-V equipment market. HDTV is no longer a plain â€Å"household appliance† but a core IT technology, equipped with cutting-edge apparatuses, ranging from memory chips, mobile transmitters, and LCD, PLP monitors, to various paraphernalia that enable interoperability with other digital devices.Conclusively, odd it may sound, U. S. ‘s development of HDTV is infused with what might be called â€Å"techno-nationali sm† that has intensified throughout its competition with the Japan for economic and technological supremacy. The four-decade long endeavor of promoting HDTV as the global standard has been at once a medium and a theater of the techno-economic contest between the two techno-egos. HDTV is, after all, as much a political game as a business matter; as culturally intense a project as a technology-intensive battle.But this battle is not over. As the latest news report, â€Å"the electronic company Sony will debut a flat-screen t flat-screen television powered by organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that require less power and space. The OLEDs result in a television picture with stronger colors and a faster response time in pixels. The television will be introduced in Japan but will not be available in the U. S. for several years. † (Berhie, 2007)

The Theory Of Developmental Psychology - 1644 Words

Developmental Psychology 2 Abstract Developmental Psychology is a scientific study that shows psychological changes in human being to birth to adulthood. It was first made to help infants and children, but now it has expanded to help the adolescence and adults just as well. Paul B. Baltes, has apply the six principles of human development, lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, gains and losses, contextual and historical, and multidisciplinary. There are several fields of developmental psychology like Adolescence, Attachment, Cognitive development, Education, and Parenting that will be address. Developmental psychology also examines the nature and nurture of our human development change, by the studies done. Researchers like to see the difference between human personal characteristic. It shows there have been discussions over the essentials and dynamic development and the development of the stages and hypothesis. Behavioral and cognitive psychology studies how human functions from infant into adulthood , but amo ng the theories lifespan psychology by Paul B. Baltes explore the biological, cognitive, and psychological changes in humans lifetime. Keywords: Attachment, Cognitive development, Education, Parenting, Psychosocial development . Developmental Psychology 3 Attachment theory is one of theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1896 Words   |  8 PagesDevelopmental psychology is viewed as different types of approaches which aim to look at how people develop. 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From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depressionRead MoreAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental Psychology1988 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will comprise, firstly, on past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depression and