Sunday, March 31, 2019

Tense and aspect

reach and sight Tense and vista argon the most key grammatical categories for expressing metre and temporal relations in slope. For me, I forget share my experience straight I am an side schooler at Udonthani Vocational College. I train many an(prenominal) English public lifes much(prenominal) as English for communication 2 , English Conversation , business organisation English .In each bloodline I founder taught 4 style skills such as listening skill, writing skill, speaking skill and plow out skill. Students moldiness let out every language skills becaexercising English is very central . If you want to communicate English very well you must(prenominal) practice 4 language skills. According to the topic 28 Tense and aspect They are very necessary in teach grammar. Students must learn how to use filtrate and aspect. I pass on teach every English course besides I dont teach them all at the analogous time. The aim of teaching try and aspect is to battlefie ld various linguistic approaches to the description of filtrate and aspect in English Moreover the course description give be the focus of the ways of expressing insert, past, time to come time. Now I will explain you some English course that I teach in this semester. Before start teaching I will study the course discription from the Vocational Education Commission curriculum. After that I will construc the course syllabus follow the the curriculum. I do the course outline by myself. Then I will study the issue and provide the lesson which related the course description from many textbooks. I rent some content and combine to one book. For example I teach English for Conversation 2 (2000-1202) for the first year student in accounting field. I teach 18 Weeks in each semester. I must plan my teaching 9 units (1 unit per 2 week) I will choose some try and aspect to teach in each unit . In unit one I taught well-nigh family . I will choose indicate Tense of verb to be and verb to do. Students must know the mental synthesis of Tense . How or when to use it? How to make Wh- inquiry. In unit 2 I taught to the highest degree keeping a diary. Students must know and understand ago childly Tense. They can herald the write up in the past . The most important thing before to teach teacher must prepare their teaching and lesson plan . teacher must improve teaching method and strategies The teachers must know the meaning of tense and aspect and also had understanding .I will show you the content as followWhat is Tense? The Definition of Tense (noun) a form of a verb use to indicate the time . Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time. There are three of import principle of tenses . They are past tense , present tense and future tense. I will explain the meaning of each Tense. First, state Tense verb show something is happening right now or at the present time. Second, Past tense verbs which make out about actions which happened some time ago are past tense verbs . Third, prox tense mean verbs which tell about actions which are going to happen are future tense verbs. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other language commit no tenses, barely of course they can free talk about time, using different methods. I will talk about time in English with tense. For example Jirapon goes to temple. ( Present Tense) Udom went to school yesterday ( Past Tense) Suki will go to school tomorrow ( Future Tense)What is aspect? reflection expresses a feature of the action related to time such as completion rod duration. Present dim-witted and past simple tenses fall in no aspect. Aspect always include Perfect Tenses and Progressive or endless Tense .For examplePerfective aspect ( be+ ing) My parents meet lived in Udon Thani since move October. I scram studied English since nett year.Progressive aspect ( have+ past participle) They are reading newspaper in the room.David is washing his motorcar at home.There are m any words that are time clues some can be apply to indicate a number of tenses, for instance that something happened in the past or that it will happen in the future. If you learn to recognize these time clues, you will find them very helpful. Note that some time clues can be used with more than one verb tense and also that this t up to(p) is non a complete listing of all the time clues that can be used with all of the tensesLesson PlanSubject English For Communication 2 Level Certificate 1 Instructor Mrs. Sutida IntawaiObjectives Students will be able to 1.to inductively review both struture and names of basic tensesContentVocabulary Food, nationalities, dates and time, restaurantsStructures Present simple tensePresent unceasing tensePresent ameliorate tensePresent holy consecutive tensePast simple tensePast continuous tensePast utter(a) tensePast perfect continuous tenseFuture simple tenseFuture continuous tenseFuture perfect tenseFuture perfect continuous tenseFunctions 1. Talking about Tense and aspect learn procedures /ActivitiesWarm up / Lead in 1. The teacher greets students and tell them that they are going to learn about outline goals for todays crime syndicate.Presentation1. instructor presents the charts of structure of tense and aspect .Let them guess the kind of tense and aspect.PracticeTeacher divide students into groups of 2 to 4Have students take personal info quiz in groupsCheck answers as a class, ask students to speedily speak about what they have learned about their fellow students achievementHave groups identify tense names used in questionGive auxiliary verb exercise to students to be done individually determine auxiliary exercise in classWrap upTeacher and students discuss and summarize about this unit together.Teacher suggests students for further study by searching for more information from other resources for example, internet , subroutine library , newspaper and Self Access Learning Center in the college.Teaching aids/ materialsChartAuthentic material newspaper , food posterTextbookEvaluation and measurementObserving the participation in classCorrecting the exercisesPersonal noteLanguage PointsAffirmative SentencePresent transparent (I do, work, like etc.)She works in the office. They talk about their project.Subject VerbI / We / You /They work talk use play watch doHe / She / It works talks uses plays watches does physical exercise I live in Nakonnayok but my sister lives in Prachinburi.( We use the present simple for things that are lawful in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all the times) I walk to school. The museum open at 09.00 a.m. and closes at 05.30 p.m. Suda goes to work in the morning. He does everything that she asks.(We use the present simple with always/ never/ often / unremarkably / sometimes) We always travel by train. I often try to arrive my computer. He washes his car every weekend. She usually carries her note book computer to work.Negative Sentences Patt ern I dont + verb (present simple negative)Example Santa doesnt come. The racing car doesnt slow.Subject Auxiliary Verb + not VerbI / You / We / They don t workHe / She / It doesnt work I drink coffee but I dont drink tea. The children dont play in the park. Mary doesnt go to the library. She drinks tea but she doesnt drink coffee.Question Sentence Pattern Do you.. (Present simple question).?Example Do they work? Does she work?Auxiliary Verb Subject Verb +?Do I /we / you / they work?Does He / she/ it work? Do you smoke? No, I dont. Do they speak English? Yes, they do. Does she work hard? Yes, she does Does your brother live in Bangkok? No, he does.Worksheet 1Personal Information Quiz1. When did you last see a film?2. How many times have you been overseas?3. What type of books do you like reading?4. When were you born?5. How long have you been learning English?6. What will the weather be like tomorrow?7. What were you doing at 7 oclock yesterday evening?8. What are your parents d oing?9. Where are your classes taught?10. What are you going to do after this course finishes?What are the names of the tenses used in the above question?1. Present simple tense2. Present continuous tense3. Present perfect tense4. Present perfect continuous tense5. Past simple tense6. Past continuous tense7. Past perfect tense8 Past perfect continuous tense 9. Future simple tense 10. Future continuous tense 11. Future perfect tense 12. Future perfect continuous tenseFrom http//esl.about.comWorksheet 2Complete the table using examples from the text in activity B1Worksheet 3Match the verb forms (1-6) with their main concepts (a-f)Worksheet 4Writing Simple present Tense In conclusion, Tense and aspect are still problem for Thai learners. There are many error when do they speak and confuse because they speak English similar Thai speaking. They have many problems such as word order and use tense mistake. For example I am not enjoy this film. Lets leave. What do you eating now?etc. So t he teacher of English should develop their teaching and try to teach students learning by doing. Students will gain English language skill especially Tense and aspect from teacher as well.Reference Heather Jones Ken Method Fast track 1 A communication Course in Everyday English ( 20001201) ameliorate Co.,Ltd. 2003 Tawee Omak .English for communication 2 ( 2000-1202) Aimphan PressCo.,Ltd. 2009 Tricia Hedge Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom . Oxford University press.2008http//esl.about.comwww.athabascau.cea

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Community Resettlement Following Residential Care

Community Resettlement Following Residential sustenancePromporn Dokphutsa travail 1Explanation of Te Tiriti O Waitangi and its application in the kind attendsTe Triti O Waitangi was signed on sixth February 1840 at Waitangi. It significant to respect the benefits of Maori people who living in red-hot Zealand. It is concluded 4 important principles which are partnership, protection, participation and permission. These 4 principles are the basic necessary needs for Maori in term of living and finis. Therefore, plot Maori people get engage into any complaisant function, it is responsible for societal workers to be aware and throw away convinced(predicate) that Maori customers watch been treated with allot services.Firstly, partnership refers to working together for agreed outcomes. A a companionable service brasss must examine providing policies that the needs of Maori are taken into explanation when cooperating with Maori leaf node and their family/ whanau. By bui lding trust and rapport with Maori guests and their family/ whanau is the prime(prenominal) subject to consider introducing yourself and getting to know more detail of knobs by making friendship. As well up as involve guests in every playes of perk up do plan such as let them sign the contract to ensure health safety support and fully inform need to be apply.Secondly, protection focuses on clients privacy and safety. The companionable workers whitethorn following the Code of Rights and Code of Conducts to maintain clients confidentiality composition attending affable service. As well as respect the decline of Maori to enjoy their taonga in social service settings. To be able to ramp up important decisions those are in their trump out interests.Thirdly, participation is focused on service accessibility for Maori to make sure that their needs are met by asking or allowing them to participate in their care plan until glint from residential care. Also family/ whanau eng agement at all levels of service is an different(prenominal) way to practice participation principle.Lastly, permission is important for social workers to be considered charm engaging to social service. Maori clients must be free to pronounce Te Reo Maori and participate in any Maori spiritual or culture practices.To sum up, 4 principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi are using to maintain and promote Maoris individualal and mental well-being and safety. Therefore, social workers pull in to provide as much as possible resources for Maori clients to make sure they needs are met and bi-cultural perspective by following Te Tiriti. project 2Manage the intake play of a person pink-slipped from residential care.Context settingResidential support to Adult(18-65yrs) with an intellectual damageIndividualGroup compact of reason residential care was requisiteSHAdult (23)A Maori lady is being disengaged from a residential care after she has completed to 6 months stay. SH had diagnosed with P erthes Syndrome (Childhood disease of hip joint) since she was born. still when she is growing up she started showing challenging behaviour included physical and verbal aggression such as throwing, hitting, kicking, spitting, swearing and pinching. Therefore, her family/ whanau suggested transferring her to stay in the residential care facility to climb up social skills and to be free-lance in her environment.Contribution to managing intake process betrothalNotes/ key of info provided to the person01/03/14Receiving and collecting study of SH.Receiving and recording referrals for a run across.Contacted SH family/ whanau and different(a) key people and gave them access to the information for the meeting.02/03/14Service co-ordinator, plate leader, CSW, Mother, GP, caregiver and healthcare professional have a meeting regarding to the feeler of SH.03/03/14All parties were agreeable that SH is ready to go back to the community of interests.Summary of information provided to the person regarding the role, function, services and legal responsibilities of the social worker and social service supplier.The intake process helps to identify and assess a clients current situation, issues and needs as well as to meet the intimately appropriate and effective means of helping the client. societal workers and social service provider have to concern about clients safety and public assistance beginning before making any decisions during the process of discharged. Therefore, gathering data (qualitative e.g. interview/ quantitative e.g. number) to get personal information of client is necessary. It could come from the client, family whanau, friends, health care professional or other keys people who relevant to the care plan. Also physical and mental wellness of client is important to make sure the client is ready to go back to the community independently. Intake and sound judgment is a reverential, organized process of gathering personal information of either client s or clients caregivers in officialize to facilitate service providers as well as clients to make cognizant decisions about the provision of the programme and/ or services. Social service organisation should make sure that they have progress their knowledge timeline for intake and judgment that suits their programmes which lead in safe environment and suitable for the client/clients caregiver.Notes/ key points of how you completed intake procedures check to the discharge plan, legislation, honorable practice and in accordance with your workplace standards/ requirements.Roles and responsibilitiesAs a social worker will need to create suitable and focused on working together with clients, taking into account individual differences and the cultural and social context of the clients situation such as understands the concepts of culture, class, race, ethnicity, spirituality, sex, age and disability.Allow client to participate in the processes by motivates and encourages participati on.Assists clients to gain their self-determination over their own environments. Provides choices for the client, gives accurate information by which the client can best decide.In working with clients, the social worker uses her/his personal characteristics appropriately. May attends supervision to develop best practice.Written policy and procedureAdmission criteria.Intake and Assessment procedures.Documents to be completed and retained.Procedures to follow when a client cannot be aid /referring on.Information to be provided to clients.Legislation relevant to the organisation.Others notes/ reflections on the intake process. invitees safety and wellbeing must be the first considerateness of the social service provider before completed intake procedures according to the discharge plan.Task 3Contributions to doanceing the person to manage the transition from sign of the zodiac to the communityDateNotes/ key points of any meeting or other communication details of actions related t o assisting the person.05/03/14SHs family/ whanau was consulted about the discharge from residential care facility.06/03/14Discuss with SH about her interests and goals.08/03/14 take for SH in term of decision-making in her interests and being independence.How did the assistance you provided encourage self-determination and discourage dependency on the social service worker or social service provider?Respect the right of clients to self-determination and assist clients in their efforts to identify and clarify their goals. As well as enceinte an opportunity for clients to request and ask for their interests or needs, but always have to be considered about safety and wellbeing of client and people around. Social workers should use figure out and fully inform clients of the purpose of the services, ventures, limits to services, relevant costs, liable alternatives, clients right to refuse or withdraw consent, and the time frame cover by the agreement. Then, social service worker or social service provider has to be responsible to follow and review of clients self-improvement after discharge from the residential care.What people did liaise with in the community and how did this assist parties to the plan to contribute to the persons resettlement?Disability service self-confidence is responsible to provide resources that suitable to the clients by following clients needs and requests. Also assisting connects the client with plans and resources in order to help them cope. However, relevant factors may include clients abilities, her resources, her needs, clients goals, and identify what is important to the client, also any risk factors.What resources did you manage, and what arrangements needed to be made for the transition from residence to community?-Safety is the most important and first consideration for the social service provider to be aware and ensure clients physical and mental is safe.-As a social service provider has to be aware of clients cultural need s to practice as a Maori. As well as promoting spiritual practice to maintain clients tradition and beliefs. Additional, cultural assistance should be provided to avoid of cultural conflicts.-Disability needs of client is another factor to be considered. To ensure client is living in safety and friendly environment with her disability. And maintain physical comfort in her daily routine.-Health needs for client may assist by regular visited of health care professionals and assist her with medication needs.-Language and communication should be clear and understandable to client and her family/ whanau. Additional, interpreter may provide if needed.Other notes/ reflections on the transition to communityAs a social service provider makes sure the client is living in safe environment and touch with validating people and activities. Therefore, it may help client to improve her social skills and being independence in community.Task 4Assist the person to resettle in the community followin g residential careDateNotes/ key points of any meetings or other communication details of actions related to the person09/03/14Provide choices and opportunities for SH in term of her interests.10/03/14Allow SH to make her decisions by ensure respectful and confidentiality.11/03/14Fully inform to SH family/ whanau regarding to her decisions. Then discuss how to provide service and make her needs to be met.How did you encourage self-determination and discourage dependency on the social service worker or social service provider?Encouraging self-determination-Outlined agencys objectives and appropriate legislations, backing up agency orders/kaupapa.Provided information and fully informed SH of the limitations and possibility of the meeting, and allowed her to define the best options and which issues I could help her with.Discouraging dependency on social services-Allow SH to express her possible solutions and choose her own best options.-Where possible the agency would step away, so tha t SH could step up.-Allowed SH to figure out so songed emergencies.How did you assist the person to identify requirements for life in the community, i.e. set aims and objectives?Organised first meeting to provide intake assessment and referral accepted.Then second meeting had set up to interview with SH to discuss her particular needs at this point in time. Ensure effective communication is being used and document her needs and prioritise what need to be done first into an action plan.Lastly, arrange the key persons who would be responsible to action severally of the itemised needs.How did you assist the person to evaluate their participation in the community against their aims and objectives? trace progress against plan and review. Then asked scaling questions as to where SH felt she was in agreement to her hopes and her interests.How did you assist the person to establish a community modus vivendi that focused on both their safety and the safety of others?-We established communi ty supports before her transition such as 24/7 emergencies call if need any help.-Educate basic skills to her family/whanau how to deal with her aggressive behaviour while she is living in the community.-We discussed goals that will motivate her to gain her social skills and make more friends.What progress against the discharge plan was achieved?Her mental health placement was unstable, according to the Epilepsy. Therefore, her seizures are managed by medications and need to be observed by health care professionals at all time if possible.What further options (if any) were set?It is important to note that staffs have to be familiar and consistent with client when giving her social services to avoid of challenging behaviour and possibility that may happen.Other notes/ reflections on the re-setting of the personAvoid confrontations with client and do not say NO to her. Do not say take int do that try to say First you do (Something she may not like to do), Then you can do (Somethin g she like to do).Task 5Application of social service conjectureMaori Model of entrust-Maori model of practice within utilised social work action research and validated to provide best practise.-Maori models of practise have holistic approach-Wellness of whakapapa focus opposed to individual focus.For example -Te whare Tapa Wha (four cornerstones of Maori health) includingi.)Taha tinana (physical health) rock-loving eating, sleep, physical activities, safety awareness and fit hygine.ii.)Taha wairua (spiritual health) beliefs, culture religion.iii.)Taha hinengaro (mental health) positive thinking, positive behaviour and healthy lifestyle.iv.)Taha whanau (family health) emotional support, financial and responsibilities.Social work knowledge, skills and value (Te Kaiawhina Ahumahi 2000) was a useful resource for the social workers to be used as a guideline to work in appropriate way and proper practice while giving services to the clients.Social policy theory involves the study of the social relations necessary to promote human wellbeing and things that affect the kinds of life. It can be love and safety, a job and money.Referenceshttp//www.polity.co.uk/shortintroductions/samples/dean-sample.pdfhttp//workplacewellbeing.org.nz/mana-mahi-resource/workplace-wellbeing-guide-6-working-with-te-tiriti-o-waitangi/http//www.hdc.org.nz/ commandment/presentations/the-health-and-disability-commissioner-act-and-the-code-of-rights-and-methadone-treatment

Fundamental Concepts Of Ethernet Technology Information Technology Essay

primeval Concepts Of Ethernet Technology In coiffeion Technology EssayIn this module, we testament hash out the fundamental concepts of intercommunicateing, Ethernet engineering, and entropy infection system in Ethernet ne dickensrks.Module ObjectivesAt the obliterate of this module, you go out be able to exempt the seven profit seams as defined by the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reservoir idealDescribe, at a high level, the history of EthernetList physical level traces of EthernetExplain the difference in the midst of half-duplex and full-duplex transmission system in an Ethernet intercommunicateDescribe the structure of an Ethernet only ift againstExplain how networks merchant ship be extended and segmented employment mixed Ethernet plaits, including hubs and switchesDescribe how shut ins be forwarded in an Ethernet networkExplain, at a high level, how Virtual Local Area net incomes (V disciplineal anesthetic atomic number 18a networks) funct ion net basalsThis section provides a brief overview of Local Area Network (local bea network) technology. We will reason local area network architecture from a functional perspective. A network is comm scarcely divided into seven functional shapes referred to as the OSI Reference model. In addition, we will before long wrangle the economic consumption of orchestrateing in local area networks.Instructor product linePoint out that this section only touches briefly on local area network concepts, and students may want to explore local area network technology in much depth on their sustain.Network storysA complete LAN effectuation involves a number of functions that, in combination, enable artifices to communicate over a network. To guess how Ethernet fits into this over al wizard nock of functions, we net utilisation the OSI Reference model. The OSI Reference model was developed in 1984 by the International Organization for normalisation (ISO).Instructor razeYou tin can introduce the sensitives of the OSI Reference model by comparing analysis of the model to peeling an onion.Shown in cast 1-1, the OSI Reference model defines seven functional layers that process entropy when entropy is transmitted over a network. When tricks communicate over a network, information travels through with(predicate) some or all of the seven functional layers.The innovation shows selective information being transmitted from home A, the bloodline, to Station B, the name and channelize. The transmission begins at the finishing layer. As data (referred to as the payload) is transmitted by Station A floor through the layers, for each hotshot layer adds its overhead instruction to the data from the layer above. (The process of pack agedness layer-specific overhead with the payload is referred to as encapsulation discussed later in this course.) Upon reaching the sensual layer, the data is placed on the physical media for transmission.The receivin g device reverses the process, unpackaging the content layer by layer, thus allowing each layer to effectively communicate with its peer layer. Ethernet ope order at Layer 2, the discipline attach layer.Using think 1-1 as a reference, we will briefly discuss what occurs at each layer. haoma 1-1 The OSI Reference regularitylApplication LayerThe Application layer, Layer 7 (L7), is responsible for interacting with the software program applications that plenty data to an separate device. These interactions are governed by Application layer protocols, such(prenominal) as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (file transfer protocol), and unsophisticated Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).Pre displaceation LayerThe Presentation layer, Layer 6 (L6), performs data translation, compression, and encryption. data translation is required when two unlike types of devices are connected to each separate, and both use different ship canal to represent the data. Compressi on is required to increase the transmission flow of data. encryption is required to secure data as it moves to the lower layers of the OSI Reference model. seance LayerThe Session layer, Layer 5 (L5), is responsible for creating, maintaining, and terminating communication among devices. A session is a logical link constructd between two software application processes to enable them to transmit data to each other for a stoppage of time. Logical relate are discussed later in this course. impartation LayerThe contain layer, Layer 4 (L4), is responsible for reliable arriver of messages and provides error checking mechanisms and data flow controls. The Trans style layer as well as performs multiplexing to discover that the data from various applications is transfer of traininged using the like transmission channel. Multiplexing enables data from some(prenominal) applications to be transmitted onto a single physical link, such as a fiber optic cable. The data flow through the Tr ans look layer is governed by transmission protocols, such as Transmission turn adventure Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which are beyond the scope of this course.Network LayerThe Network layer, Layer 3 (L3), is responsible for moving data across interconnected networks by comparing the L3 ack straightledgment yell with the L3 finale reference point. The Network layer encapsulates the data realised by higher layers to create packets. The word packet is commonly utilize when referring to data in the Network layer. The Network layer is also responsible for fragmentation and reassembly of packets.Data plug in LayerThe Data Link layer, Layer 2 (L2), responds to points sent by the Network layer and master take cares service requests to the Physical layer. The Data Link layer is responsible for defining the physical squalling, establishing logical links among local devices, sequencing of frames, and error detection. The Ethernet frame is a digital data transm ission unit on Layer 2. The word frame is commonly utilise when referring to data in the Data Link layer.The Data Link layer has been subdivided into two sub-layers Logical Link enclose (LLC) and Media addition Control ( mack). LLC, defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.2 specification, manages communication theory among devices over a link. LLC sup ports both connection-oriented (physical, ex an Ethernet switch) and connectionless (wireless, ex a wireless router) services. The mac sub-level manages Ethernet frame assembly and dissembly, trouble reco genuinely, as well as attack to, and routing for, the physical media. This will be discussed in to a greater extent(prenominal) detail in this module.Physical LayerThe Physical layer, Layer 1 (L1), performs hardware-specific, electrical, and mechanical operations for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the link among communicating network systems. The Physical layer is responsible for transmit the data as lovesome flecks over the transmission media. immediately that we harbour reviewed the OSI Reference model, lets discuss selling of network devices.StationsNetwork devices that operate at the Data Link layer or higher are referred to as stations. Stations are categorise as each end stations or intermediate stations. give notice stations run end-user applications and are the source or final ending of data transmitted over a network. Intermediate stations put across information across the network between end stations.A characteristic of stations is that they are addressable. In the next section, we discuss the specifics of addressing.Addressing all(prenominal) device in an Ethernet network is depute an address that is utilise to connect with other devices in the network. This address is referred to as the mackintosh address and is typically a permanent address appoint by the device manufacturer. Addressing is used in the network to identify the source station and the polish station or stations of transmitted data.As shown in puzzle out 1-2, the mackintosh address consists of 48 bits (6 bytes), typically expressed as colon-separated, hexadecimal pairs. show 1-2 MAC Address StructureThe MAC address consists of the followingIndividual / chemical group (I/G) Bit For refinement address, if the I/G bit = 0, the destination of the frame is a single station. This is referred to as a unicast address. If the I/G bit = 1, the destination is a group of stations. This is referred to as a multicast address. In source addresses, the I/G bit = 1.Universal / Local (U/L) Bit The U/L bit identifies whether the MAC address is universally uncomparable (U/L bit = 0) or only unique in the LAN in which it is located. Vendor- assign MAC addresses are always universally unique. A locally unique MAC address is assigned by the network administrator.Organizationally odd Identifier (OUI) This typically identifies the network equipment manufacturer. OUIs are assigned to organizations by the IEEE. To locate information on the OUI associated with a manufacturer go to the following website http// banals.ieee.org/regauth/oui/index.shtmlVendor-Assigned Bits These bits are assigned by the vendor to uniquely identify a specific device. pursual is an example of a MAC address001B387CBE66Later in this module, we discuss how MAC addresses are used in Ethernet networks.Introduction to EthernetEthernet is an internationally- comported, similar LAN technology. It is one of the simplest and most cost-effective LAN networking technologies in use today. Ethernet has grown through the development of a effect of standards that define how data is transferred among computer networking devices.Although several other networking methods are used to implement LANs, Ethernet remains the most common method in use today. While Ethernet has emerged as the most common LAN technology for a variety of reasons, the primary reasons include the followingEthernet i s less expensive than other networking pickaxes.Easy is easy to install and provision the various components.Ethernet is faster and more robust than the other LAN technologies.Ethernet allows for an efficient and flexible network implementation. annals of EthernetEthernet was invented in 1973 by Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs at the Xerox Palo Alto look for Center (PARC). Ethernet was originally designed as a high-speed LAN technology for connecting Xerox Palo Alto graphical computing systems and high-speed laser printers.In 1979, Xerox began work with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Intel to develop a standardized, commercial version of Ethernet. This partnership of DEC, Intel, and Xerox (DIX) developed Ethernet Version 1.0, also cognise as DIX80. Further refinements resulted in Ethernet Version 2, or DIX82, which is heretofore in use today.Project 802In 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) form Project 802 to create an international standard for LANs. Due to the complexity of the technology and the emergence of competing LAN technologies and physical media, five working groups were initially formed. each(prenominal) working group developed standards for a particular area of LAN technology. The initial working groups consisted of the followingIEEE 802.1 Overview, Architecture, Internetworking, and ManagementIEEE 802.2 Logical Link ControlIEEE 802.3 mailman Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Media Access Control (MAC)IEEE 802.4 Token Bus MAC and Physical (PHY)IEEE 802.5 Token sonorousness MAC and PHYAdditional working groups gift since been added to address other areas of LAN technology.The standards developed by these working groups are discussed as we move through this course. However, lets look at IEEE 802.3, which addresses standards specific to Ethernet.IEEE 802.3IEEE 802.3 was published in 1985 and is now support with a series of supplements covering new features and capabilities. Like all IE EE standards, the contents of supplements are added to the standard when it is revised. Now adopted by almost all computer vendors, IEEE 802.3 consists of standards for three basic elementsThe physical media (fiber or bruiser) used to transport Ethernet call fors over a networkMAC rules that enable devices connected to the resembling transmission media to share the transmission channelFormat of the Ethernet frame, which consists of a standardized set of frame handleWe will discuss the transmission media used in Ethernet networks, the MAC rules, and the Ethernet frame later in this module.Instructor NoteTell the class that we will discuss the transmission media used in Ethernet networks, the MAC rules, and the Ethernet frame later in this module.You can briefly condone the differences among LANs, WANs, and MANs to the students.Ethernet Transmission FundamentalsThis section covers basic fundamentals of data transmission on Ethernet networks. Specifically, we will cover the follow ing topicsPhysical layer characteristics talk modesEthernet framesRepeaters and hubsEthernet connect and switchesMultilayer switches and routersEthernet Virtual LANs (VLANs)Ethernet beyond the LANPhysical Layer CharacteristicsOur discussion of physical layer characteristics covers both the physical media over which network communications flow and the rate at which communications occur. In fact, the nomenclature for the various types of Ethernet is base on both of these characteristics. The Ethernet type is referred to in the following formatn-BASE-phy, such as 10BASE-T wheren is the data rate in megabits per present moment (Mbps).BASE indicates that the media is dedicated to only Ethernet services.phy is a code assigned to a specific type of media.A variety of media and transmission rates are available for Ethernet networks. The major media types used today areUnshielded ill-shapen Pair (UTP) slob cableShielded Twisted Pair (STP) copper cableFiber optic cablesThe IEEE 802.3 sta ndard identifies the following types of media for an Ethernet connection10BASE2 outlined in IEEE 802.3a, 10BASE2 Ethernet uses thin wire coaxial cable. It allows cable runs of up to 185 meters (607 feet). A maximum of 30 workstations can be supported on a single segment. This Ethernet type is no longer in use for new installations.10BASE-T Defined in IEEE 802.3i, 10BASE-T uses UTP copper cable and RJ-45 connectors to connect devices to an Ethernet LAN. The RJ-45 is a very common 8-pin connector.Fast Ethernet Defined in IEEE 802.3u, Fast Ethernet is used for transmission at a rate of 100 Mbps. It includes 100BASE-TX, which uses UTP copper cable. With this type of cable, each segment can run up to 100 meters (328 feet). Another media option specified in this standard is 100BASE-FX, which uses optical fiber supporting data rates of up to 100 Mbps.Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) Defined in IEEE 802.3z, GbE uses fiber for transmission Ethernet frames at a rate of 1000 Mbps or 1 Gbps. GbE include s 1000BASE-SX for transmission over Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF), and 1000BASE-LX for transmission over Single-Mode Fiber (SMF). The differences between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode are the physical makeup of the fiber itself and the light source that is normally used multi-mode normally uses an LED while single-mode uses a laser. Multi-mode has limited outer space cleverness when compared to single-mode.1000BASE-T Defined in IEEE 802.3ab, 1000BASE-T provides GbE service over twisted pair copper cable.10 GbE Defined in IEEE 802.3ae, 10 GbE transmits Ethernet frames at data rates up to 10 Gbps.Communication ModesEthernet can operate in either of two communication modes, half-duplex or full-duplex. Ethernet MAC establishes procedures that all devices sharing a communication channel must(prenominal) follow. Half-duplex mode is used when devices on a network share a communication channel. Full-duplex mode is used when devices have no contention from other devices on a network connection. Le ts discuss each of these modes in more detail.Half-Duplex ModeAs shown in flesh 1-3, a device operating in half-duplex mode can pose or pick up data but cannot do both at the identical time. Originally, as specified in the DIX80 standard, Ethernet only supported half-duplex operation. go out 1-3 Half-Duplex TransmissionHalf-duplex Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD protocol to control media retrieve in divided up media LANs. With CSMA/CD, devices can share media in an orderly way. Devices that debate for overlap media on a LAN are members of the similar encounter theatre. In a clash domain, a data strike occurs when two devices on the LAN transmit data at the same time. The CSMA/CD protocol enables recovery from data collisions.With CSMA/CD, a device that has data to transmit performs carrier sense. Carrier sense is the ability of a device to monitor the transmission media for the battlefront of whatever data transmission. If the device detects that another(prenominal) device is using the transmission media, the device waits for the transmission to end. When the device detects that the transmission media is not being used, the device stolons transmitting data. fingers b enjointh 1-4 shows how CSMA/CD handles a data collision. When a collision occurs, the transmitting device stops the transmission and sends a jamming signal to all other devices to indicate the collision. After move the jamming signal, each device waits for a random period of time, with each device generating its own time to wait, and then begins transmitting again. fig 1-4 CSMA/CD OperationFull-Duplex ModeIn the full-duplex communication mode, a device can send and receive data at the same time as shown in finger 1-5. In this mode, the device must be connected directly to another device using a Point-to-Point (P2P) link that supports independent transmit and receive paths. (P2P is discussed later in this course.)Figure 1-5 Full-Duplex TransmissionFull-duplex operation is restricted to links meeting the following criteriaThe transmission media must support the simultaneous displace and receiving of data. Twisted pair and fiber cables are capable of supporting full-duplex transmission mode. These include Fast Ethernet, GbE, and 10 GbE transmission media.The connection can be a P2P link connecting only two devices, or multiple devices can be connected to each other through an Ethernet switch.The link between both devices needs to be capable of, and configured for, full-duplex operation.CSMA/CD is not used for full-duplex communications because thither is no possibility of a data collision. And, since each device can both send and receive data at the same time, the aggregate throughput of the link is doubled. (Throughput is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a certain period of time.)Ethernet FramesLets discuss another fundamental aspect of Ethernet transmission the Ethernet frame. The Ethernet frame is used to flip-flop data between two Data Link lay er points via a direct physical or logical link in an Ethernet LAN. The marginal size of an Ethernet frame is 64 bytes. Originally, the maximum size for a standard Ethernet frame was 1518 bytes however, it is now come-at-able that an Ethernet frame can be as large as 10,000 bytes (referred to as a jumbo frame).As shown in Figure 1-6, an Ethernet frame consists of the following field of honors (NOTE The first two fields are added/stripped at Layer 1 and are not counted as part of the 1518 byte standard frame.)Preamble This 7-byte field establishes bit synchronisation with the ecological succession of 10101010 in each byte.Start Frame Delimiter This 1-byte field indicates the start of the frame at the next byte using a bit sequence of 10101011.Destination MAC Address This field contains the MAC hardware address of the Ethernet frames destination.Source MAC Address This field contains the MAC hardware address of the device sending the frame.Type / Length The specific use of this f ield depends on how the frame was encapsulated. When type-encapsulation is used, the field identifies the nature of the client protocol running play above the Ethernet. When using length-encapsulation, this field indicated the number of bytes in the Data field. The IEEE maintains a list of accepted values for this field, the list may be viewed at http//standards.ieee.org/regauth/ethertype/Data This field contains the data or payload that has been sent down from Layer 3 for packaging to Layer 2.Frame cease installment (FCS) This 32-bit field is used for checking the Ethernet frame for errors in bit transmission. FCS is also known as Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC).Figure 1-6 Ethernet FrameNow that we have defined the basic structure of an Ethernet frame, lets see how we can use the destination MAC address to create three different types of Ethernet frames.Unicast FramesAn Ethernet frame intended for a single device on the network is a unicast frame. An example is shown in Figure 1 -7. In this example, Station A is transmitting an FTP request to a specific FTP server on the network. The destination MAC address in the frames being sent for this request is the MAC address assigned to the FTP server by its manufacturer. Therefore, these frames are unicast frames, only intended specifically for one device on the network, the FTP server.Figure 1-7 Unicast Frame TransmissionMulticast FramesMulticast is a mechanism that provides the ability to send frames to a specific group of devices on a network one sender to all who are set to receive. This is done by mountain a frames destination MAC address to a multicast address assigned by a higher level protocol or application. However, devices must be enabled to receive frames with this multicast address.An example of multicast frames is shown in Figure 1-8. In this example, the image server is transmitting the same television system channel, via an Ethernet switch, to a group of video display devices on the network. Th e destination MAC address is the multicast address assigned by the video application. The receiving stations are configured to accept Ethernet frames with this multicast address.Figure 1-8 Multicast Frame TransmissionBroadcast FramesBroadcasting is a mechanism for sending data in disseminate frames to all the devices in a publicise domain. A circularize domain is defined as a set of devices that can communicate with each other at the Data Link layer. Therefore, in a network that does not include higher layer devices, all of the network devices are in the same pass around domain.In broadcast frames, the hexadecimal destination MAC address is always ffffffffffff which, in binary notation, is a series of 48 bits, each set to a value of 1. All devices in the broadcast domain recognize and accept frames with this destination MAC address.Instructor NoteBe sure that students understand hexadecimal vs. binary notation, but do not take this topic beyond the scope of this course.Since bro adcasting reaches all devices within a broadcast domain, Ethernet can use this capability to perform various device setup and control functions. This is a very useful feature, allowing implementation and growth of a LAN with little intervention from a network administrator.Figure 1-9 shows a broadcast transmission in which Station A is transmitting frames with this broadcast destination MAC address. All devices in the same broadcast domain as Station A receive and process the broadcast frames.Figure 1-9 Broadcast FrameNow that we have covered some basic concepts for LANs and Ethernet transmission, lets continue by discussing how devices on Ethernet LANs are connected.Instructor NoteCheck the existing knowledge of students on the differences among switches, hubs, routers, and gateways. Initiate a discussion nigh the differences among these devices and their suitability to different applications.Repeaters and HubsA very simple LAN analysis situs consists of network devices that are all connected directly to a shared medium as shown in Figure 1-10. If we need to connect more devices to the LAN, we are limited by the characteristics of the shared media. Devices such as repeaters and hubs can be used to overcome surpass limitations of the media, allowing the reach of the network to be extended.Figure 1-10 Simple LAN TopologyRepeaters are Physical layer devices that regenerate a signal, which effectively allows the network segment to extend a greater distance. As shown in Figure 1-11, we can use the additive segment length to add more devices to the LAN. Keep in mind that devices added through implementation of repeaters are still in the same collision domain as the original devices. This results in more contention for access to the shared transmission media. Such devices are in little use today.Figure 1-11 LAN Extended with a RepeaterAs shown in Figure 1-12, hubs can also be used to extend the distance of a LAN segment. Hubs are Layer 1 (physical) devices. The advantage of a hub versus a repeater is that hubs provide more ports. Increased contention for media access still exists since the additional devices connected to the hub(s) are still in the same collision domain.Figure 1-12 LAN Extended with a HubEthernet Bridges and riffleesEthernet bridges and switches are Layer 2 (Data Link) devices that provide another option for extending the distance and broadcast domain of a network. Unlike repeaters and hubs, bridges and switches keep the collision domains of connected LAN segments isolated from each other as shown in Figure 1-13. Therefore, the devices in one segment do not contend with devices in another segment for media access.Figure 1-13 LAN Extended with an Ethernet SwitchFrame Forwarding with Ethernet SwitchesAs Layer 2 devices, Ethernet switches make frame-forwarding decisions based on source and destination MAC addresses. One of the processes used in making these decisions is MAC learning.To make efficient use of the data pathway s that are dynamically cross connected within an Ethernet switch, the switch keeps track of the localization of function of as many active devices as its design allows. When an Ethernet frame ingresses (enters) a switch, the switch inspects the frames source address to learn the location of the sender and inspects the destination address to learn the location of the recipient. This knowledge is kept in a MAC address elude. Figure 1-14 shows an example of a MAC address remand. As long as the sender remains connected to the same physical port that their MAC address was learned on, the switch will know which port to forward frames to that are destined for that particular senders address.Figure 1-14 MAC Address TableMAC address information stored in a MAC address table is not retained indefinitely. Each entry is time stamped and if no activity is sensed for a period of time, referred to as an aging period, the inactive entry is removed. This is done so that only active devices occupy space in the table. This keeps the MAC address table from overloading and facilitates address lookup. The default aging period is typically five minutes.Figure 1-15 shows how an Ethernet switch forwards frames based on entries in the MAC address table. The forwarding process consists of the following stepsInspect the incoming frames MAC destination addressIf the MAC destination address is a broadcast address, flood it out all ports within the broadcast domain.If the MAC destination address is a unicast address, look for it in the MAC address table. If the address is found, forward the frame on the egress (exit) port where the NE knows the device can be reached. If not, flood it.Flooding allows communication even when MAC destination addresses are unknown. Along with multicast, which is actually a large set of special-purpose MAC addresses, network traffic can be directed to any number of devices on a network.Inspect the incoming frames MAC source addressIf the MAC source address is already in the MAC address table, update the aging timer. This is an active device on the port through which it is connected.If the MAC source address is not currently in the MAC address table, add it in the list and set the aging timer. This is also an active device.Periodically check for MAC address table entries that have expired. These are no longer active devices on the port on which they were learned, and these table entries are removed. If a device is moved from one port to another, the device becomes active on the new ports MAC table. This is referred to as MAC motion.An Ethernet switch will purposely filter (drop) certain frames. Whether a frame is dropped or forwarded can depend on the switch configuration, but normal switch behavior drops any frame containing a destination address that the switch knows can be reached through the same port where the frame was received. This is done to prevent a device from receiving duplicate frames.Figure 1-15 Frame-Forwarding ProcessA M AC Learning and Broadcast Domain relation Mail De digestryConsider this following analogy to understand the concept of MAC learning and broadcast domainConsider a position where your friend wants to send you a birthday party invitation (the invitation represents an Ethernet frame). You and your friend live on the same avenue (the street represents a broadcast domain). However, there is a problem. Your friend does not know your house address so she writes her return (source) address on the birthday party invitation card and writes the street name as your (destination) address. Your friend drops the gasbag in her mail quoin (your friends mail box represents a LAN) as shown in Figure 1-16.Figure 1-16 Broadcast Analogy, Part 1When the mail carrier picks up the mail, he notices that the destination address is unknown. The mailman goes to a copier and makes enough copies so that he can deliver one copy to each possible destination address on the street. This would mean every house o n the street, except for your friends house, will get a copy of the invitation. After the postman has delivered the envelopes to all the houses (this process is analogous to a broadcast transmission), you receive the birthday party invitation and recognize your name on the envelope. So, you open the envelope and read the invitation.Figure 1-17 Broadcast Analogy, Part 2All of your neighbors receive copies of the same envelope, but they see that the name is not theirs so they simply shed it. After reading the invitation, you send a thank you card back to your friend with your friends address and you include a return (source) address. The postman sees that this envelope has a specific destination address so it can be delivered without broadcasting. It also has a source address, so the postman now knows your address. It is now possible to exchange mail directly with your friend without broadcasting letter to your neighbors. In other words, you can communicate using unicast transmission . If you and your friend were on different streets (broadcast domains), you would have never received your invitation card and communication could have never occurred.Multilayer Switches and RoutersIn this course, our discussion of break focuses on switching at the Data Link level since Ethernet is a Layer 2 technology. However, switching can also be

Friday, March 29, 2019

Strategic Management of Downsizing

Strategic Management of DownsizingIntroductionThis has become a major strategic alternative by healthy known firms such(prenominal) as DuPont, ATT and IBM (Hopkins, S Hopkins W., 1999). It is non and told in the daily newspapers solely as well as in the entertainment industry. The new-fangled motion picture empowerd Up in the Air starred by George Clooney wherein his rail stylus line was to tell employees that their position is no longer available.Top instruction plays an definitive role in this course of action. The strategic close to nap surface implies some honourable issues first, the theater directors obligation for the best interest of the fraternity and secondly, do sure non to violate the rights of the employees. It is in fact, the close to selectred option of companies to sustain run apostrophizes and comply with the existing scope of the business. It is an important management take a chance and requires large assistance from the piece option manage ment team. Downsizing is highly nasty. No one looks forward to creation laid complete. The extremely difficult decisions of who must be laid off, how much get a line they solelyow for be given, the amount of severance pay, and how far the comp each bequeath go to assistance the cease employee find some different crease ar given little than adequate attention. These be critical decisions that deport as much to do with the future of the organisation as they do with the future of the lay off employees.How It both StartedDownsizing is the conscious use of permanent somebodynel reducings in an search to improve efficiency and/or effectiveness (Budros 1999, p.70). Since the 1980s, lay off has gained strategic legitimacy. Indeed, recent research on lay off in the US (Baumol et al. 2003, see besides the Ameri cobblers last Management Association annual inspects since 1990), UK (Sahdev et al. 1999 Chorely 2002 Mason 2002 Rogers 2002), and Japan (Mroczkowski and H anaoka 1997 Ahmakjian and Robinson 2001) suggests that economizement is be regarded by management as one of the preferred routes to go around declining system of ruless, cutting cost and improving organizational performance (Mellahi and Wilkinson 2004) more or less often as a cost-cutting measure.Euphemisms atomic digit 18 often used to dsoften the pull in the transition of firing and be fired, (Wilkinson 2005, Redman and Wilkinson, 2006) including downsize, scanty, rightsize, delayering, smartsize, redeployment, custody reduction, breakforce optimization, simplification, force shaping, recussion, and reduction in force ( similarly c whollyed a RIF, especi every(prenominal)y in the government exercise sector). Mass layoff implies laying off a large bite of workers. scrape implies that positions will be eliminated as workers quit or retire. Early seclusion means workers may quit now yet still delay eligible for their retirement benefits later. While redundancy i s a particularized legal term in UK labor law, it may be perceived as obfuscation. Firings imply misconduct or misery patch lay-offs imply economic forces beyond ones control.During the past several weeks, major provide reductions taking erupt crosswise the serviceman. Tens of abide byd professional Jewish communal workers along with efficient and loyal administrative and support cater look at received beg slips in some cases they were given just cardinal days nonice to clear out their offices as their jobs were being retrenched. These be saving measures be non unique to Jewish organizations and have been seen thorough-out the public, private and non-for-profit sectors the world over. However, these ample layoffs raise the issue of the honourableity of retrenchment and whether or non there is a Jewish come along to these practices, de fragmentisementicularly when it concerns employees who work for the Jewish community. wherefore Downsizing is an Ethical IssueAny meter were faced with a decision that suffer affect the rights or well-being of opposites, were looking at an estimable issue. No field of study how strong the justifications for reducing the workforce atomic number 18 or come along to be, laying off loyal and productive employees is an upsetting experience for all bear on, and those on the receiving end face non just financial provided mental injury.How so? For many of us, the work power isnt just a space for work its where we develop and maintain some of the most important relationships we have. During the week, we extend more time with co-workers than with our families, and for better or worse, work is how many of us define ourselves and give meaning to our lives. Getting laid off compromises all of these social functions, so managers should think of downsizing as a deep and dread(a) trauma for those being let go, and not as a incorrupt setback or reversal of fortune.Yes, downsizing has legal implicati ons, and it is understandable that companies postulate to minimize their liability when they downsize. Yes, there are economic matters to postulate, which spend a pennys downsizing a management issue, as well as. But at its core, downsizing is an ethical issue, and the trustworthy manager is concerned not just with entertaining the lodges financial and legal interests still also with honoring the dignity and integrity of the human beings who work on the front lines and who are the lifeblood of the organization.What Are Your Ethical ResponsibilitiesDownsizing success lavishy is immensely difficult. The following ideas erect sustain to focus thinking for anyone considering such a move.Treat all employees with respect. Communicate too much rather than hold back declareation.Research applicable laws and follow the spirit of the legislation.Then afterwards, give employees the psychological space to accept, and discuss, Downsizing refers to a companys decision to reduce its w orkforce not because of poor performance, criminal conduct, or unethical behavior on the part of those being let go. The word is a euphemism meant to soften the blow as much for the company as it is for the soon-to-be eliminated. There is no function wrong with making a difficult task easier to bear. In fact, there are good ethical intellectuals for doing so, as well soon see. Still, there is no get around the fact that downsizing is a type of layoff, with all that this implies. The ethical manager will encumber in mind what is really going away when he or she is charged with letting good volume go. Do it the right way. Showing compassion for these employees is the right thing and ethical thing to do no matter what the ultimate decision of the outcome.Do it in soulfulness. This seems obvious thing to do, unless surprisingly a number of reports give tongue to about employees who were downsized on the phone or by e-mail. Managers who use this parliamentary procedure claim it casts the whole thing easier to deal with. Yes, except for whom? Certainly, not for the employee being let go. As uncomfortable as it is to end someones employment, the right thing to do is to have a private conversation with him or her in person. The ethical principle of respect for others ( bloodWeek.com, 1/31/07) requires nada less.Do it privately. Respecting others means honoring their wishes and appraises, and it is reasonable to assume that most people would prefer to have perturbing news delivered in private. This means in your office, with the adit closed. Ive heard of managers who broke the bad news at the employees cubicle in spite of appearance earshot of everyone in the vicinity. Again, one would think that this would be a matter of common comprehend and common decency, scarcely ap enkindlely neither is all that common.Give the person your full attention. Interrupting the conversation to take phone calls, harbour your BlackBerry, or engage in other distractions isnt just rude, it tells the other person that the matter at hand isnt all that important to you. Thats yet another violation of the principle of respect. The impulse to turn your attention to less troubling matters is understandable, besides along with the privileges of being a manager come responsibilities, and downsizing with integrity is one of the most important obligations you have.Be honest, but not brutally so. Must you always tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? Yes, if youre giving sworn testimony in a tribunal of law, but beyond the courtroom the duty to tell the truth is restrict by the duty to minimize harm. In practical hurt, this means being forthright with the employee but also choosing with the care the words, tone of voice, and demeanor you use. compassionateness (BusinessWeek.com, 2/22/07) literally, suffering with someone honors the dignity of your employee and speaks to the better part of your nature. We nookyt always make things b etter (BusinessWeek, 1/18/07), but we shouldnt make things worse.Dont rush. A shock takes time to absorb. Imagine that your physician says you have a serious illness. Wouldnt you expect him or her to allow the news authorize in, rather than to summarily dismiss you and call for the next patient? world let go isnt as serious as getting a diagnosis of evokecer or heart disease, but it is still a major, life-changing event. You owe your employee the space to absorb the information, and you may have to explain more than once what is happening and why. You would demand nothing less if it were happening to you, and you would be right to do so.These guidelines assume that the organization has good reasons for downsizing but what if you dont see things this way? For example, suppose your company believes that it is necessary to shift its guest service jobs overseas (BusinessWeek.com, 9/27/07), and you believe that doing so is both unethical and bad for business. In this case, you not entirely have a right to object, you have an ethical obligation to object.Does this mean that you should be watchful to give up your job on moral grounds? non of necessity. Depending on your personal circumstances, your duties to your family or to yourself big businessman justifiably override the value of making a statement by quitting. Even if you are act to guardianship as many jobs in the U.S. as possible, this goal will take time to achieve, and it may be easier to do so from inside the company than from the outside.ConclusionThere are two main issues to cargo deck in mind when planning a layoff respecting employee dignity and business planning. No one, from the mailroom to the board-room, take pleasure in downsizing but when the need for a reduction in staff is unavoidable, a layoff can be over(p) in such a way that the chore is fixed and the organization excels. The bottom line is important, but so are the values of respect, compassion, and transparent human decency. The good manager takes all of these into account always.Derivative termsDownsizing has come to mean much more than job losses, as the word downsize may now be applied to almost everything. pot describe downsizing their cars, houses and nearly anything else that can be measured or valued.This has also spawned the opposite term upsize, which means to grow, expand or grease ones palms something larger.Ask the Ethics Guy September 12, 2008, 1157AM EST text size TTReferencesHopkins, S. Hopkins, W. (1999) journal of Ethics Perception of Rights and Responsibilities http//www.springerlink.com/content/m80p7mv83x110376/Byron, W. (2009) Philadelphia Business Journal The Ethics of Operating in downturns and downsizing http//philadelphia.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2009/01/12/smallb4.htmlFrom Alan Downs in Business The Ultimate ResourceDownsizing or doing layoffs is a toxic solution. use sparingly and with planning downsizing can be an organizational lifesaver, but when layoffs ar e used repeatedly without a thoughtful strategy, downsizing can destroy an organizations effectiveness. How you breed people really matters to the people who leave and the people who remain.One outcome of downsizing must be to preserve the organizations expert capital.How downsized employees are treated directly affects the morale and retention of valued, high-performing employees who are not downsized.Downsizing should never be used as a dialogue to financial centers or investors of the new managements tough-minded, no-nonsense style of management the cost of downsizing far outweighs any benefits thus gained.So what happens? These decisions are pass on to the legal section, whose primary objective is to reduce the risk of litigation, not to protect the morale and intellectual capital of the organization. Consequently downsizing is often penalize with a brisk, compassionless efficiency that leaves laid-off employees angry and surviving employees feeling at sea and de-motiva ted.Ineffective methods of downsizing abound. Downsizing malpractices such as those that follow are common they are also inefficient and very dangerous.Furthermore, attorneys advise against utter anything more than whats absolutely necessary to either the departing employees or the survivors. This caution is intentional to protect the company from making any implied or explicit promises that arent thusly kept. By strictly scripting what is said about the layoffs, the company is protecting itself from verbal slips by managers who are themselves stressed at having to release valued employees.This approach may succeed from a legal perspective, but not necessarily from the larger and more important concern of organizational health. First, laying off employees by a flat percentage across contrasting incisions is irrational. How can it be that accounting can cope with the identical proportion of less employees as human resources? Could it be that one department can be externalized and the other left intact? The decision of how many employees to layoff from each department should be based on an analysis of business needs, not an dogmatic statistic.The concept of laying off employees strictly on the basis of higher rank is also irrational. The choice of employees for a layoff should be based on a redistribution of the work, not the date the individual employee was hired. roughlytimes an employee of 18 months has a expertness far more valuable than one with 18 years seniority. incessantly Respect Peoples DignityThe methods employed in many poorly execute layoffs treat employees like children. Information is withheld and doled out. Managers control over their employees is violated. Human resource representatives scurry around from one hush-hush meeting to another. How management treats laid-off employees is how it vicariously treats remain employees everything you do in a layoff is done in the arena, with everyone observing. How laid-off employees are treat ed is how surviving employees assume they may be treated.Why does this matter? Because successfully planning for the new organization will keep it going and improve its results. You must keep that exceptional talent, who are also the employees most marketable to other organizations. When they see the company treating laid-off employees poorly, theyll start looking for a better mail to work, fearing their heads will be next to roll.While its important not to allow the legal department to design a layoff, its nevertheless important that you respect the employment laws. In different countries such laws include entitlements tied to civil rights, age discrimination, disabilities, worked adjustment, and retraining. These laws are important and should be respected for what they intend as well as what they prescribe or proscribe. If you have planned your lay-off according to business needs, and not on head count or seniority, you should have no problem upholding the law. You will almost a lways find yourself in legal pother when you base your layoff on factors other than business needs.The method of separation may have an effect on a former employees ability to nab whatever form of unemployment compensation might be available in their jurisdiction. Unemployment claim and receive compensation. unemployment benefits, as are those who are fired for take in misconduct. Also, lay-offs receivable to a firms moving production overseas may entitle one to increased re-training benefits.Certain countries (e.g. France), distinguish between leaving the company of ones free will, in which case the person isnt entitled to unemployment benefits and leaving the company voluntarily in the frame of a RIF, in which case the person is entitled to them. An RIF reduced the number of positions, rather than laying off specific people, and is usually accompanied by internal redeployment. A person might leave even if their job isnt reduced, unless the employer has strong objections. In th is moorage, its more dear for the state to facilitate the departure of the more professionally active people, since they are less likely to remain jobless. Often they find new jobs while still being paid by their old companies, costing nothing to the social security system in the end.There have also been increasing concerns about the organizational effectiveness of the post-downsized anorexic organization. The benefits, which organizations claim to be seeking from downsizing, centre on savings in labor costs, speedier decision making, better communication, reduced product development time, enhanced involvement of employees and greater responsiveness to customers (De Meuse et al. 1997, p.168). However, some writers draw attention to the obsessive pursuit of downsizing to the point of self-starvation marked by excessive cost cutting, organ failure and an extreme pathological fear of becoming inefficient. Hence trimming and modify belts are the order of the day (Tyler and Wilkinson 2007)Here are your ethical responsibilitiesBy Bruce Weinstein, PhDMost discussions about downsizing focus on the legal, economic, or psychological issues raised by this practice. These are essential concerns, but we rarely consider how or why downsizing is also an ethical issue. The next two columns are an attempt to redress that problem. Here, well consider your ethical responsibilities if you are the one charged with giving the bad news. In the second column, well look at what you ought and ought not to do if you are the one being downsized. (Weinstein, 2009)March 17, 2009 by Stephen G. Donshik http//ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-ethics-of-downsizing/No one is oblivious to the massive firings that have been taking place over the last eight months. As the quoin has been felt in countries without the world we have witnessed not still the collapse of financial markets but also the retraction taking place in multi-national corporations and among the largest manufacturers on all cont inents. More and more people are finding themselves unemployed, either the result of firms closing or staff reductions.In dealing with the ethics of downsizing our communal organizations we have an opportunity to portray both our leadership and our commitment toEven though a number of Federations have already implemented cuts and made difficult decisions it is not too late to assist others who are yet to face the need to retrench staff members. This is an area that is clamoring for both clarity and direction.Lets hope we can rise to the occasion. After all, it is in our tradition that we are a heat unto the nations.Stephen G. Donshik, D.S.W.,Managing Leadership The strategic role of the senior executivehttp//managingleadership.com/blog/2006/10/25/corporate-ethics-and-downsizing/Ethics cannot survive the retention in the management team of anyone who is liable for the downsizing predicament. They must reconcile, or, at a minimum, the CEO must resign. Furthermore, any member of t he board of directors complicit in the development of the crisis forcing this decision must resign also. Indeed, in the absence of a board that creates and enforces such an environment of ethical acknowledgement and acceptance of responsibility for executive and managerial decisions, there is not only no corporate ethics in the conventional sense there is also a fundamental lack of executive fiducial responsibility a lack that will ineluctably continue to constipation its partingholders, and as a result of that, also 1) the company 2) its employees, customers, and vendors and 3) its community.The unethical environment arises in the absence of a board that establishes and supervises this fiduciary responsibility.In such an unethical environment, the real specific ethical violations occur well in the beginning the dilemma such as the need to downsize that attracts all the attention. This is in evidently better times, when the CEO, executive teams, and consultants inflate the ro le and capabilities of the companys senior management, leading to what can only be described as juvenile ill-discipline and playing to the crowd. This is when they make the ill-advised decisions evaluated more for the force of the impact they create about the pseudo-gravitas and paradigm-shifting mass of these great personages, than for their contribution to the advancement of corporate aims and the growth of shareholder value both of which should be delineated to management by the board. These are the decisions that create the inflated work force.In the current environment of non-accountability, where half of a board consists of company management, and the other half of managers of other companies familiar with the game, it is only the work force that is downsized, and, possibly junior levels of management who have not yet attained the corporate version of tenure in this collusion. In such circumstances, the only possible outcome is downsizing, and this is not unethical in and of itself, taken as a distinct business decision. Taken as a whole, however, as Ive attempted to portray it, it is an extension of an unethical situation and of a chain of unethical decisions.Crocodile tears will be bedevil by a management team professing to be compelled to oh-so-reluctantly make tough business decisions and effect practical remedies that cannot be avoided and which must be taken to discharge their executive duties and serve the company and its shareholders considerations which neither concerned nor motivated them sufficiently, if at all, when they created the circumstances leading to the crisis.This was written by Jim Stroup. stick on on Wednesday, October 25, 2006, at 1002 am. Filed under Boards, CEOs, Ethics, Organizational Leadership. Bookmark the permalink. embrace comments here with the RSS feed. Post a comment or leave a trackback.42k-6 sec 56kwww.buzzle.com/articles/reasons-for-downsizing.htmlwww.buzzle.com/articles/reasons-for-downsizing.htmlReasons for DownsizingCorporate downsizing has been the biggest fallout of the troubled times, the world is witnessing. As we continue our efforts to fight the global downturn, downsizing has become a stark reality.Downsizing refers to a process where a company or a firm simply reduces its work force in order to cut the operating costs and improve efficiency. It has become a legitimize option for business growth strategies, especially after the 1980s. It is in fact, the most preferred option of companies to sustain operating costs and comply with the existing scope of the business. It is an important management venture and requires large assistance from the human resource management team.There are a number of reasons why a company downsizes its employee base.Merging of two or more firms When a authoritative firm combines its operations with another firm and operates as a single entity, in order to stay in profit or expand the market reach, it is called a merger. In case of a merger, certain p ositions become redundant. The same work is done by two different staff members. Usually in such a case, the company cuts staff to eliminate redundancy in work. It is characterized by some employees leaving an organization voluntarily, or by lay-offs, especially in case of higher management positions.Acquisition If one organization purchases another one, there is a defined change in the management and the acquired company staff has to face unemployment. The reason for this is the same as the earlier case, viz to cut costs and and increase the revenues. variegate in management The change in the top brass of a company can also result in downsizing. The working methods and procedures straggle with the management. Therefore, a significant change in the management roles may drastically affect the employee size to suit a particular style of working. scotch crisis This is the single biggest cause of downsizing. Often, it consists of bulky lay-offs by a number of organizations across var ious domains. The recent economic recession facing the world, has triggered a number of lay-offs in many reputed and popular firms in the world. According to a survey conducted by the US Bureau of the Census, organizations consisting of higher percentage of managerial staff downsize more than the ones with higher percentage of production process employees.Strategy changes Some companies may reduce certain areas of operation and focus on other areas. For example, if a company is working on a project in which there are no assured returns, it may downsize its employees working on that particular project. It focuses its resources on specific projects, which could be profitable ventures.Excessive workforce In a period of high growth, a company hires excess staff, to meet the needs of a growing business. However, in times of recession the business opportunities dwindle, leading to downsizing of the surplus staff that was hired.Increase in efficient work flow and computerized serve If an organization work process is extremely fast and easily meets the requirements of the market, it may downsize some of its workforce. Similarly, if manual work can be done by a machine, in a much better and cost-efficient way, it also results in the reduction in the number of employees.Outsourcing practice Organizations catering to international markets require a huge and efficient employee base. If this labor can be obtained by exporting the job to other countries, a huge downsizing takes place in the parent country. For instance, if a certain job can be done more effectively in India and is more viable economically there, than in the join States, the business is operated from that country.These practices result in downsizing, which is a rampant practice preponderating these days. Efficient management of the existing skill set and constantly acquiring new skills and education is a sure way to beat the effects of downsizing.By Prashant MagarIn todays business world downsizing, outs ourcing, and combining of jobs to eliminate headcount is more prevalent than ever. As the economy swings down, companies find themselves needing to cut costs and increase their return on net assets (RONA). All too often, the easiest way to reduce costs and increase RONA is through reducing staff. The elimination of jobs, or finding more cost effective ways to perform their functions through job integration and outsourcing, reduces the salary expense as well as reduces benefits costs, human resources or payroll costs, and frees up those funds for additional investment activity if needed. Many companies, however, do not look at the say-so long term ramifications before making these decisions. Among them are the potential for deficient customer service, costs associated to unemployment claims or placement strategies, potential for higher dollar volume of remaining employees, or loss of customer confidence.While cost reduction through job elimination or restructuring poses no legal implications or policy violations, it certainly presents many ethical problems. How the company proceeds could greatly affect the consumer view of their business practices. They also have the potential to place some employees in a position of being ethically contendd should they inform some parties of the possible downsizing but insist the information be kept from others. That will leave those employees who are aware with the ethical dilemma of telling what they know to those who will be affected or of keeping the company secret. The feeling though, that others know more and will not share the information, leads to extreme paranoia and dissatisfaction among lower level employees. If the best decision for the business financially is to centralize functions, the Kantian model of ethical thought would support full disclosure to the affected employees. This would provide them the dignity and respect they deserve. Helping them with counseling for the self esteem issues presented in th eir job elimination and placement services seems to me the soundest ethical solution. Allowing them to prepare themselves financially for a potential loss of income would tape respect for them as people as well as for the time they have spent as loyal, hard working employees. Potential contriteness after the announcement might prove to be a challenge but will provide the same end result, less staff.To keep this information completely from the affected employees would fall under Ethical self-seeking theories. It would serve only the officers of the company from having to deal with their own lack of ethics in this circumstance. The employees become a means to an end rather than the end itself. This school of thought tends to violate the morals taught through religious and agnatic guidance to most individuals. It directly violates all the major principles of the other moral theories. Consequently, following this path would likely lead to moral repercussions for those choosing to ve nture down this road. Living with the decision you have made and must stand by could be as emotionally traumatic in the end as the damage caused to the employees sacrificed for the company benefit.All too often the Utilitarianism approach is followed by not disclosing the full details but sharing information only as changes are closer to being implemented. This eliminates the likelihood of employee loss due to fear of the impending changes. A high turnover could cause those remaining employees to become overworked with no relief available. It would be vital though that the company effectively communicate what changes are coming with an accurate timeline of when they would occur in order to still be fair to the affected employees. The company should not hide the coming changes from the employees affected in any solution with a dissolution that trust will remain in tact for other employees unaffected by the changes. Character ethics would support at least this minimal amount of disclo sure. The only fair thing to do is treat the employees as those making these decisions would want to be treated if they were in the same position, essentially following the Golden Rule.ReferencesBaston, Ted Blake, J. Neff. (2007). Business ethics, Sunday ethics-Monday world. Triangle publishing Marion, IndianaThe New York Times reports that the unlucky employees of fob Inc. received a bloodless e-mail informing them of their demise. Some employees of New York Times digital learned of their fate in The New York Times itself. Dotcoms from Boston to atomic number 14 Alley to San Francisco have behaved thoughtlessly and, yes, unethically as they frantically go to salvage their companies.The idea of downsizing needs no introduction. Although borrowed from the automotive vocabulary, downsizing is a feared and familiar term throughout the employment ranks. It targets people.In all cases of downsizing anticipated, actual, or past the corporation have ethical obligations to its people. not least among these obligations is telling the truth.Here are some principles for employers to consider whenever downsizing is a possibility or has, in fact, happenedkeep employees informedhelp employees to keep themselves employablehonor all pro